Fight Club Essay -- Movie Film

Fight ClubStarring Brad Pitt, Edward Norton, Helena Bonham-Carter, meat loafDirector David FincherWriter Jim UhlsBased on Novel By Chuck PalahniukStudio Fox StudioRating R 18+Genre Action, Thriller runnel Time 139 minutes approx.Filming Locations Los Angeles and CaliforniaSpecial EffectsMany of the visual effects in Fight Club have been overshadowed by effect-based movies (LOTR, The Matrix) exactly upon closer examination I found that they were completed in their own right. They depicted a chaotic sense of disengagement, not only from society that also from oneself. Two of the most technically advanced stroking were CGIs (computer generated enhancements) of Jacks IKEA flatcar. One was a tracking elasticity, entering through the door and circling his apartment before zooming to a macro shot of the back of his fridge, that apparently contained a gas leak that in turn led to the demise of his apartment. The other apartment-based shot was almost comical, a shot circling through h is apartment labelling his designer furniture and appliances, not unlike a magazine catalogue. Although not a breakthrough in the world of visual effects, when combined with the atmosphere of Jacks cynical, mundane voiceovers and brilliant cinematography it makes for an enchanting shot that gives a very true to life taste of the average material-bound American male.CinematographyJack realises that Tyler was a creation of his own mind, in a feeble attempt to finally free himself from the restraints society places on him, a 360 pan circles him, getting more erratic and destabilised as it finally sinks in. Diversity is the key to Fight Clubs style of cinematography, in every aspect from the shot itself, to its point of view. From observing a security television monitor displaying Jack, coming to terms with his inner demon to Jack in a state of euphoria, were he is introduced to his power animal, a CG penguin that tells Jack simply to slide. In another standout sequence Tyler gives Jac k a severe chemical burn, and in hope of dismissing his uncivilized pain Jack begins to mediate, where he refers back to his power animal before being slapped in the face and told Stay with the pain, Im giving you the f*ing experience of your life and your drifting in Tibet. He attempts to meditate again, and the viewer is subjected to a breathtaking contrast ... ... misunderstood. This film is not only entertaining but it also raised public awareness. No doubt many people will buy into Tylers extremist point of view, if only for a trivial amount of time, but in this time they will understand what many people from all over the world feeling constantly, an excite to fight authority, an urge to be individual and stop following the mainstream. Tylers ideals may be summarised in one quote, You cannot truly be free until youve lost everything. This philosophy is perfect in theory you are ridding yourself of restricting material possessions and all other things that bind you into soc iety. Unfortunantly life isnt all theory and when an individual does lose everything they feel anything but free. This film was a wake up call to me and hopefully to many others, not only about the over importance we place on material possessions and the power they have over us, but the restraints that society places on us as well.ConclusionA film worth seeing no matter what the occasion, Fight Club has a serious philosophical meaning for the deeper audiences and could still keep a person with the attention span of an ant amused viewing after viewing.

Public Relations Issues :: essays research papers

As the public relations manger I have been asked to outline issues with regards to the working conditions within this firm. I have had concerns about a transmutation of argonas and I wish to address you all on them.As new employees you are required to do the equivalent job as others in the same position for the same amount of money. Because you are new does not mean you should be paid any less than some one who has been working thither the longer than you. An award is a document that sets out the rights and responsibilities of employees who work in a particular type of job, regardless of who they are employed by. An individual employer gets no say in an award once it has been put in place. The award is designed to protect the rights of employees. The system of awards developed from the English system in the nineteenth century when protection against employers who would do the wrong thing by employees when exploited workers are being paid a very low wage and are expected to work l ong hours. An Award wage is in place to protect you as employees from being paid less that of what is required. Awards set out the negligible wage and conditions of employment for specific employees. These awards can include things such as the minimum rates of pay and allowances, overtime, shift penalty and other penalty rates, how If the some(prenominal) hours of work are required and leave provisions such as sick leave or personal leave. The protection for employees given by awards is good, plainly it is not always a strong form of protection when put to work. Employees might find that their employer is underpaying them. In other words the employer is paying them less than they are entitled to under the ward which is illegal. Though many employees are often unwilling to do anything about it because they think if they do complain their employer will devise it harder for them at work or find a way to get them dismissed which is no exception. The employers also have many rights j ust as you the employee does. most of the employers rights include. Paying the correct wages and deducting tax from employees wages, Contributing to the employees retirement pension. The superannuation guarantee has been in place since 1st of July 1992 and it requires employers to provide sufficient superannuation support for their employees.

Romeo and Juliet - The Movie :: Movie Film comparison compare contrast

Romeo and Juliet - The Movie         The new release of Romeo and Juliet  is fun, fast and exciting to watch. It is a slick cinematic rendition of Shakespeares work brought to the screen for modern movie-goers.  There is something for everyone in this movie.  A timeless story, a dynamic cast, a hip soundtrack, large sets and costumes and plenty of action.  From the beginning the audience is told, buckle up, this Romeo and Juliet  ride is waiver to be like no other Shakespeare youve ever ridden.  This movie supports the notion that the stage is an actors medium and the cinema is the directors.  Romeo and Juliet  is a feast for the eyes and does a great job of engaging the audience with the story at all times through various cinematic techniques and tricks which make understanding Shakespeare fun, interesting, fresh and easy.        Visually dynamic, and edited with a sense of urgency, most movi e-goers will get caught up in the story and forget that they are listening to the Bard.  It is Shakespeares words and text, however, the sights and sounds are as clearly, peradventure overshadowing, telling the same parallel story.  One could say that there are visually emotional subtitles throughout the movie directing the audience to understand and put away in the most famous love story in an entirely new way.  One can argue that this version of Romeo and Juliet  would be understood eventide without spoken words.  The camera-work tells the story as clearly as the text.  There are very few moments in this movie when the camera stops moving.  Like Oliver Stones immanent Born Killers  the editing is fierce and in your face.  There is little time to think as the perpetual images flash across the screen.  And it works.  You become entranced and cannot time lag to see what happens next even if you are already familiar with the s tory.  It feels new.         Like many contemporary Shakespeare productions, the text has been slightly edited but this does nothing to hack the story.  The dialogue, for the most part, is not delivered by master thespians, rather, we hear contemporary film actors delivering the Bards words as though this were present day English in crude York or Los Angeles.

Cultural Diversity in the Armenian Community Essays -- essays research

AbstractThe cultural context for the Armenian person is the result of upholding and defending a way of life and values that have been maintained for centuries, for perhaps two thousand years. For that reason, although Armenians liveness in the United States today come from a flesh of countries of origin, and may to some extent speak different dialects or even different languages, yet they have many cultural similarities due to centuries of commonality. The cultural similarities among the Armenians potful be seen mainly in three different areas Spirituality, historicity, and family. Spirituality refers to the perspective of that which is valued in life, and that which must to be upheld and defended under any and all(prenominal) circumstances, disregarding of the social environment and surrounding conditions. Historicity refers to that which has been traditionally done, the Armenian way of life, both that which is important and perhaps not as important. Whereas spirituality may refer much to content, the important values in life, historicity refers more to the surviving process, how the important values in life are attained.Family on the other hand is the everyday living environment within which spirituality and historicity are applied and lived out. Family in the Armenian community refers to more than the family of origin or the nuclear family. Instead, it includes both of these along with all of the extended family and even the small surrounding community. These family ties are much more important and influential in the decision making process than would initially appear, therefore, they must be acknowledged and understood. All Armenians may not uphold the same spirituality, historicity, and family values, however, they would still approach lifes decisions based on these cultural categories.The Armenians living in the United States, especially those who live in large communities tend to discover opposing trends between the culture in which they were br ought up, and those of the dominant culture in which they have to live, work, interface, and survive.Working at the Berjikian Law FirmVicken Berjikian established the Berjikian law firm in 1983, as a criminal defense and personal defect firm. In the past 17 years the Berjikian Law firm has grown to become established and well known in the Armenian community. The... ...h out and help oneself persons and families. All these lead to better and higher quality, as well as more timely services to nodes, and a sense of satisfaction for both the client and the passe-partout.The relationship between the Armenian client and the legal professional is a complex one. It is full of issues that go beyond giving them legal advice or register a law suit on their behalf, it includes issues relating to a persons cultural context. In fact, generally the actual legal issues sometimes become secondary, or at least not as central in the persons priorities. At the beginning, such a relationship loaf er cause cracking frustration and waste of time in the legal professionals attempt to provide the appropriate service. Eventually, these communication issues can cause delays in providing professional service, and lead to extra unnecessary legal expenses. The correct understanding of a clients cultural situation by the legal professional can lead to a higher quality of service, and lower costs. As difficult and complicated as this situation may sound, it is still not impossible. In fact, virtually experienced professionals learn over the years to relate to the Armenian culture.

snow falling on cedars :: essays research papers

The novel Snow Falling on Cedars by David Guterson explores life of Japanese- Americans during the first half of the 21st century on the island of San Pierdro, a small island off the shore of Seattle. The novel opens on the trail of Kabuo Miyamoto in 1954 and focuses on his wife Hastue and the local one-armed reporter Ishmael Chambers. afterward in the story Hastue and Ishmael, a white man had a secret romance in high school. Yet after the bombing at gather Harbor their lives will change forever. Kabuo and Hastue are forced into internment gangs and Ishmael is drafted into war and is forced to fight the Japanese and losses his arm. In the internment camp Hastue is forced to forget her love and marry Kabuo who is ?right for her? because he is the same nationality. After the pains that World War II caused them they come back to San Pierdro, to bug out their life again. However the pains of World War II and the racial internment shadow their lives. The internment of Japanese- Ameri cans is not just a stain on the United States Constitution, but on the morals of America. Japanese- Americans suffered several injustices by the federal and local government and by members of their own communities that did not apprehend at their resettlement to the desert. In order to understand the background of the book. I needed to research the attack on Pearl Harbor and other events that lead to the incarceration of American citizens. At the turn of the century the United Stated became to suffer from server upward trends of immigration, mainly from southern and eastern Europe, and Asia. As the American public became more concerned about these unwanted groups moved in greater numbers to America, the federal government under the Woodrow Wilson administrated Congress appointed Senator William Dillingham of Vermont to study the immigration fountainhead (Garraty 596). Two years later in 1909 Dillingham bought a 41- volume report that lead to the reducing the immigration in those u nwanted regions (596). However this did not stop Asian emigrates from moving their families to the West Coast mainly in large cities like San Francisco and Seattle. Animosity against the Asian immigrants that in the San Francisco school board instituted a policy of segregating Asian children in a special school. Japan protested due to the fact of their hatred toward the Chinese. To keep good relations with the Japanese President Teddy Roosevelt and leading for the Japanese made a ?

snow falling on cedars :: essays research papers

The novel Snow Falling on Cedars by David Guterson explores life of Japanese- Americans during the first half of the 21st century on the island of San Pierdro, a sensitive island off the shore of Seattle. The novel opens on the trail of Kabuo Miyamoto in 1954 and focuses on his wife Hastue and the local one-armed reporter Ishmael Chambers. Later in the layer Hastue and Ishmael, a white man had a secret romance in high school. Yet after the bombing at Pearl Harbor their lives go away change forever. Kabuo and Hastue are forced into internment camps and Ishmael is drafted into war and is forced to fight the Japanese and losses his arm. In the internment camp Hastue is forced to pass on her love and marry Kabuo who is ?right for her? because he is the same nationality. After the pains that World War II caused them they come back to San Pierdro, to start their life again. notwithstanding the pains of World War II and the racial internment shadow their lives. The internment of Japan ese- Americans is not just a stain on the United States Constitution, that on the morals of America. Japanese- Americans suffered several injustices by the federal and local government and by members of their own communities that did not stop at their relocation to the desert. In night club to understand the background of the book. I needed to research the attack on Pearl Harbor and other events that lead to the incarceration of American citizens. At the hand of the century the United Stated became to suffer from server upward trends of immigration, mainly from southern and eastern Europe, and Asia. As the American public became more concerned well-nigh these unwanted groups moved in greater numbers to America, the federal government under the Woodrow Wilson administrated Congress appointed Senator William Dillingham of Vermont to study the immigration question (Garraty 596). Two days later in 1909 Dillingham bought a 41- volume report that lead to the reducing the immigration i n those unwanted regions (596). However this did not stop Asian emigrates from piteous their families to the West Coast mainly in large cities like San Francisco and Seattle. Animosity against the Asian immigrants that in the San Francisco school board instituted a policy of segregating Asian children in a special school. Japan protested due to the fact of their hatred toward the Chinese. To keep good relations with the Japanese President Teddy Roosevelt and leaders for the Japanese do a ?

Public Policing Versus Private Security Essay

When comparing undercover certificate measure to frequent law enforcement there ar both many similarities and differences (COPS, 2012). Private bail is paid by a clubby company or agency, whereas public policing is paid by government salaries and taxpayers (COPS, 2012). normal patrol officers have the way to enforce laws and protect and serve society (COPS, 2012). Private warrantor officers are paid to protect private property and force play (COPS, 2012). Most of the duties that public policing and private certification measures officers suffice are similar (COPS, 2012). Private aegis and public law enforcement share many of the same goals preventing discourtesy and disorder, identifying criminals, and ensuring the certificate of people and property (COPS, 2012, P. 1). As there are two private security measures practitioners for every one sworn law enforcement officer, effective partnerships jackpot act as a much needed force multiplier (COPS, 2012). The services th at both officers perform are to achieve similar goals, to prevent, and deter crimes (COPS, 2012). unexclusive policing and private security officers serve as leaders while performing their duties (COPS, 2012). man policing and private security officers have a positive impact on the criminal justice system (COPS, 2012). The impact that both of these companies have on the criminal justice system could be beneficial if both would team up, lay down together, and look toward the future (COPS, 2012). There are also several differences between public policing and private security (COPS, 2012).Even though both public policing and private security perform the same type of work, private security protects organizations and personnel office (COPS, 2012). Public policing has the authority to enforce the laws and maintain order in society (COPS, 2012). Private security officers perform duties, where they protect, and deter crimes on private property (COPS, 2012). There are several distinct dif ferences between public policing and private security (COPS, 2012).Public policing performs the spare-time activity duties maintains order, protects and serves the community, controls traffic, prevents crimes, and arrests offenders (COPS, 2012). Private security officers perform the following duties serves as an escort, patrols business grounds and surrounding areas, such as parking lots, security guards, and transports valuables (COPS, 2012). A nonher difference between public policing and private security isprivate security has the main concern of protecting corporate and personnel, although public policing has the main concern of public safety and seek to enforce the laws of the criminal justice system (COPS, 2012). If a private security guard witnesses a crime outside their grounds or area of protection, it is their superior whether or not to engage in the situation (COPS, 2012). Another difference between public policing and private security is that public policing earns res pect from the community, whereas private security does not earn that same respect because they work for a company or an agency for profit (COPS, 2012).The community will have different views regarding private security because they do it for money (COPS, 2012). Public police officers do get paid but by the government, not a private organization (COPS, 2012). This brings questions around whether or not private security organizations are obtainning their business with the right intentions in mind (COPS, 2012). Before the community will respect them they wishing to know money is not the main motivation (COPS, 2012). Both private security and public policing have several similarities and their duties overlap in several ways (COPS, 2012). Though still a minority, both of these agencies do employ women along with men (COPS, 2012). Both of these jobs use uniforms to show people who they are, deter crime, and show their authority (COPS, 2012). Both private security and public policing pe rform duties that uphold the law and keep the community and organizations crime-free (COPS, 2012).The leadership roles of both of the private and public sectors are slightly similar (COPS, 2012). They both have a paramilitary absoluteing system (COPS, 2012). Within the public policing ranking system there are officers, detectives, and sergeants (COPS, 2012). Each rank reports to the highest position with their rank (COPS, 2012). The officers report to the highest ranking officer within the government agency (COPS, 2012). Within the private sector, the positions are similar to public with a sergeant, corporal, and old patrol officer (COPS, 2012). The company owner would be the highest rank within the private sector (COPS, 2012). Public policing and private security both play pregnant roles in the criminal justice system (COPS, 2012). Both roles deter crime with their presence (COPS, 2012). Both roles can make an arrest, investigate crimes, and prevent crimes (COPS, 2012). Public policing and private security help keep members of the community safe (COPS, 2012).Another similarity ofpublic policing and private security is that both sectors need to have training (COPS, 2012). Depending on the duty, private security may not need as much training as public policing but both need training to perform their duties effectively (COPS, 2012). The different roles that public policing and private security play in the criminal justice system are both important (COPS, 2012).Public policing is bound by enforcing the laws and policies (COPS, 2012). Private security focuses more on keeping the company and personnel safe (COPS, 2012).Most private security is not bound by the same regulations that public police have to follow, such as reading an offender their Miranda Rights (COPS, 2012). There are three important elements that make up a comprehensive security plan, which are physical, personnel, and learning security (COPS, 2012).The physical aspect of the security plan is b uilding design, fences, locks, lighting, and alarm systems (COPS, 2012). Another aspect of physical security is security personnel (COPS, 2012). The physical aspect of the security plan may be the main focus on protecting and deterring crime (COPS, 2012). The personnel aspect of a security plan is protecting people within a company or organization and this comes from the presence of the security guard (COPS, 2012). Another aspect of personnel security is identification badges (COPS, 2012). Identification badges allow security officers to check the identity and the security clearance of individuals who come into the company (COPS, 2012). The information aspect of a comprehensive security plan has background checks (COPS, 2012).Another aspect of information security would be to put certain papers through a shredder and dispose important documents right on (COPS, 2012). One more aspect of information security would be to encrypt messages and codes (COPS, 2012). Encrypting files would provide security, so that no one would be able to access information (COPS, 2012). Public policing and private security of different similarities and differences however, both have common goals in mind to protect and serve (COPS, 2012). Both of the goals of these agencies intertwine within for each one other (COPS, 2012). Both roles are important within the criminal justice system (COPS, 2012). Public policing has to abide by the laws and regulations that affect society that private security do not have to follow, such as reading a suspect their Miranda rights (COPS, 2012). The presence of private security helps provide services to the public police by handling small crimes, such as shoplifting,security issues, business security, and surveillance (COPS, 2012).The service that private security provides frees up public police because in the past police officers had to respond to an abundance of calls (COPS, 2012). Private security does not protect society their main focus is protecti ng companies and personnel (COPS, 2012).Public policing and private security need to work together as they head into the future to make society a safer place (COPS, 2012). However, the integrating of the public and private law enforcement demand to be a smooth transition. There are reservations about the integrations because of the main difference that comes to mind about the private sector is money.Regardless of anything, private security agencies are businesses making money. Usually, businesses are run in a manner so that they will make money. Law enforcement is a human services field, not a place to run as a business. Therefore, people will wonder if integration between the two sectors will change the focal billet to a money-making business rather than a human services field. When money becomes the focal point of a human services field, things will be run differently and that may not be the best interest at heart for public policing. Privatizing everything would change the prio rities, goals, and conditions of the entire justice system.ReferencesPrivate Security and Public Law enforcement. (2012). Retrieved from http//www.cops.usdoj.gov/Default.asp?Item=2034

Mghf

Huntingtons disease is an autosomal dominant (Harper et al, 1991) neurodegenerative disorder characterized by involuntary movements, cognitive loss, and psychiatric problems as described by Martin and Gusella (1986). These symptoms are related to the death of medium spiny projection neurons in the caudate nucleus, putamen, and the cortex (Reiner et al, 1988). In later stages of the disease, take down areas such as the hippocampus and hypothalamus gets affected as well (Kassubek et al, 2004). Huntingtons disease has a prevalence rate of approximately 1 in 10,000 Caucasic populations (Harper et al, 1991).Patients with Huntingtons disease most typic tout ensembley display a choreic movement disorder involving involuntary writhing movements observed by George Huntington himself. The age of onset of Huntingtons disease seem to be normally distributed around the average age of 35 to 42, with small number of cases exploitation in patients younger than 20 old age of age or older than 60 geezerhood of age (Andrew et al, 1993). The majority of juvenile patients, whose disease onset are at age 20 years or less, have inherited the paternally defected gene (Andrew et al, 1993).Patients usually died within 15 to 20 years of disease onset. Gusella et al (1983) first determined the kettle of fish of the genetic mutation in Huntingtons disease to be the short arm of chromosome 4. It was afterwards another 10 years did the researchers of The Huntingtons Disease collaborative Research Group (1993) able to discover that a gene in chromosome 4 containing a trinucleotide repeat of CAG was abnormally expanded in diseased individuals. The IT15 (interesting imitation 15) gene, dubbed the huntingtin gene by the group, codes for the huntingtin gene.This CAG repeat, which translates into a poly-glutamine stretch, is highly polymorphic among the population ranging from 11 to 34 copies on normal individuals. However, in individuals with Huntingtons disease it expanded to to a great er extent than 42 repeats and increasing to upwards of 100 (The Huntingtons Disease Collaborative Research Group, 1993). This provides evidence showing that the mutant huntingtin protein seems to be toxic to its native booths and confers a disease state to individuals with an extended length of repeats. There is overly a correlation between the CAG length and disease onset as shown by Andrew et al (1993).The mutated elongated huntingtin protein is cut by enzymes into fragments and the fragments begin to form abnormal clusters, neuronal intranuclear inclusions (NIIs), inside cells. These clusters goat to a fault act to recruit normal proteins to adhere unneurotic as well (Davies et al, 1997). This was originally thought to cause the pathogenesis of Huntingtons disease. However, more recent studies have shown that the presence of NIIs is actually a coping response to the perniciousness of mutant huntingtin proteins and acts to prolong the life of the cells and reduce intracellular mutant huntingtin in neighbouring neurons (Arrasate et al, 2004).The exact function of the wild-type huntingtin protein are unclear, however many efforts have been made in understanding its native functions. Nasir et al (1995) showed that homozygous huntingtin homologs in mice died before embryogenesis could occur and that heterozygotes displayed similar deficits as diseased human patients. Wild-type huntingtin is also crucial for establishing and maintaining neuronal identity, particularly in cortex and striatum (Reiner et al, 2001).Current data can provide the conclusion that normal huntingtin protein has actions classic for phylogeny in mammals. In vitro, wild-type huntingtin have been shown to act to cheer mentality cells from apoptotic stimuli, such as serum deprivation, mitochondrial toxins, or the transfection of death genes (Cattaneo et al, 2005). Wild-type huntingtin protein, not mutated, stimulates brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) production by acting at leve l of Bdnf transcription. BDNF is very important for survival of striatal neurons (Cattaneo et al, 2005).Intracellularly, huntingtin protein has been found to associate with various organelles such as the nucleus, endoplasmic reticulum, and Golgi complex (Cattaneo et al, 2005). It has also been found in neurites and at synapses, where it associates with vesicular structures and microtubules (Li et al, 2003). This characteristic has been shown to enhance vesicular transport of BDNF along microtubules (Gauthier et al, 2004). On a similar note, huntingtin interacts with a number of cytoskeletal and synaptic vesicle proteins that are essential for exo- and endocytosis at synaptic terminals.Wild-type huntingtin binds instantaneously to the Src homology 3 domain of postsynaptic density protein 95, which binds NMDA and kainite receptors. This activity is decreased in mutant proteins and can lead to overactivation or sensitization of NMDA receptors (Cattaneo et al, 2005). Aside from the tox icity of the mutated huntingtin protein, the loss of normal huntingtin protein also seems to add to the pathogenesis of Huntingtons disease. Presence of completely mutant huntingtin protein results in massive apoptotic cell death in the testes of male mice (Leavitt, 2001).However, no apoptosis can be seen in testes of mice expressing human mutant huntingtin when wild-type huntingtin is expressed as well (Leavitt, 2001). It was also seen that in mice, the absence of wild-type huntingtin protein led to a worsening of striatal atrophy and neuronal loss, and a significant decrease in neuronal cross-sectional area compared to mice that had wild-type huntingtin present (Cattaneo et al, 2005). Huntingtons disease still system incurable to this day. However, many treatments are usable for treatments of its symptoms.Chorea, the hallmark of the disease is a major target for many treatments. Such drugs include dopamine-depleting agents, dopamine antagonists, benzodiazepines, glutamate antag onists, acetylcholinesterase inhibitors, dopamine agonists, antiseizure medications, cannabinoids, lithium, deep brain stimulation and fetal cell transplantation (Frank and Jankovic, 2010). One notable drug afoot(predicate)ly in use is Tetrabenazine, which is the only US FDA-approved drug for treatment of Huntingtons disease (Frank and Jankovic, 2010).The drug acts by reversibly inhibiting the central vesicular monoamine transporter type 2, this cause a depletion of dopamine (Bagchi, 1983). The main area of effect for tetrabenazine is in the caudate nucleus, putamen, and the nucleus accumbens, all areas known to be responsible for the major pathology of the disease. The Huntington Study Group (2006) was able to demonstrate the efficacy of tetrabenazine in a double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Subjects who received tetrabenazine showed a change from the baseline in the maximal chorea score of the UHDRS.Compared to the baseline, treatment resulted in a diminution of 5. 0 units in chorea compared with a 1. 5 unit reduction for the placebo group. A second symptom targeted for treatment to allow patients to function normally is the psychiatric problems. Dopamine receptor blocking agents are commonly used as anti-psychotics in order to treat psychosis associated with Huntingtons disease (Frank and Jankovic, 2010). There are many ethical issues that have been associated with Huntingtons disease patients, in particular pertaining to the application of genetic testing.The expanded CAG repeats associated with Huntingtons disease (Gusella et al, 1983) are used as a predictive testing to determine the gamble of a person for developing inherited HD gene. The debate of ethics with respect to genetic testing for Huntingtons disease seems to lie on several major factors including autonomy, beneficence, confidentiality, and justice (Huggins et al, 1990). The question remains whether or not the current use of genetic predictive testing is ethical. Autonomy refers to th e respect for the individuals right to make an informed ratiocination about an action that may have a profound effect on his or her life.The patients should feel no pressure from doctors or institutions with regards to their decision for genetic testing. Also, they should also have a full understanding of the consequences and implications of their decisions. This would require physicians to provide all the necessary teaching to the patients so that they are informed about the testing. If a woman refuses to get tests done for her baby even though her relatives are with her insisting on getting it performed, the physician cannot allow the testing to be performed.Beneficience is summarized by the phrase first do no harm (Huggins et al, 1990). This is an important factor when the results of the test may reveal genetic cultivation about oneself. This implies not only avoiding harm to patient but also preventing harm to other individuals, which may include family members of patients. Due to the genetic characteristics of Huntingtons disease, family members can be both directly and indirection influenced by the results of the test.If for example a pregnant woman decides to get an ultra sound for her baby in order to find out if the baby has spina bifida, and upon stay by the physician decides that she wants to give birth at home as opposed to in a hospital where the baby could be treated flop in order to minimize the risk of the disease. The physician should take any action he can in order to avoid any risk to the health of the baby. Confidentiality with genetic tests applies the same as with any other form of personal information. It should not be disclosed to any other third parties, which includes family members as well.For example, if two siblings were to go and receive a CAG repeat test at the same time and one sibling asks the physician about the results of the other sibling. The physician cannot disclose any information or they will violate the confident iality of the patient. Justice simply means equal entree to health services and information to all. This also includes long-term support and guidelines for testing as a medical service so that the service is not difficult to obtain if needed. For example, even though cystic Fibrosis is mostly only prominent in Caucasians, the testing should still be offered to regnant women of other ethnicities as well. Other ethical dilemmas still exist with current genetic testing technologies. One particularly pertaining to Huntingtons disease is whether or not the information is obtained even though there is no cure for the disease. In diseases such as phenylketonuria (PKU), after newborn screening, dietary interventions will allow the individuals with the condition to lead healthy and normal personifys (Lea et al, 2005). However, for Huntingtons disease, even after knowing that the disease will affect the individual what can be done?Therefore, would it be better to not know at all? By testing and finding out that an individual has the mutation that will eventually lead to the development of Huntingtons disease, the individual can attend to the initial development of symptoms and as a result may be treated much earlier. This can result in a more favourable prognosis. Similarly, the individual can live more cautiously as to prevent further exacerbation of their condition. On a more subjective level, the individual may use the experience to live a more fulfilling life knowing that he or she may not live as long as the rest of the population.Conversely, the information can also be used negatively. There can be a lot of discrimination in terms of applying for employment and health insurance. This information would also impact the ambition and life goals of the individual, the amount of psychological harm that comes with eventually developing an incurable and lethal neurodegenerative disease is extremely large. Similarly, would they still tag to have a family and children i f they knew that they had a very high risk of dying at a young age? This particular issue should be unflinching by following the ethical factors listed before.As long as the individual is informed, are being prevented from harm, information not shared with any third party members, and has access to healthcare services, then being tested for Huntingtons disease will be ethically correct. This knowledge will give them insight on how to live the rest of their life. Another dilemma that has Harper, P. S. , Morris, M. J. , Quarrell, O. , Shaw, D. J. , Tyler, A. , and Youngman, S. (1991). The epidemiology of Huntingtons disease. J. Med. Genet. 89 365-376. Martin, J. B. , and Gusella, J. K. (1986).Huntingtons disease pathogenesis and management. N. Engl. J. Med. 315 1267-1276. Andrew, S. E. , Goldberg, Y. P. , Kremer, B. , Telenius, H. , Theilmann, J. , Adamn, S. , Starr, E. , Squitieri, F. , Lin, B. , Kalchman, M. A. , Graham, R. K. , and Hayden, M. R. (1993). The relationship between tr inucleotide (CAG) repeat length and clinical features of Huntingtons disease. Nat Genet. 4 398-403. The Huntingtons Disease Collaborative Research Group (1993). A novel gene containing a trinucleotide repeat that is expanded and unstable on Huntingtons disease chromosomes.Cell. 72 971-983. Gusella, J. F. , Wexler, N. S. , Coneally, P. M. , Naylor, S. L. , Anderson, M. A. , Tanzi, R. E. , Watkins, P. C. , Ottina, K. , Wallace, M. R. , Sakaguchi, Y. A. , et al. (1983). A polymorphic DNA marker genetically linked to Huntingtons disease. Nature. 306 234-238. Reiner, A. , Albin, R. L. , Anderson, K. D. , DAmato, C. J. , Penney, J. B. , and Young, A. B. (1988). Differential loss of striatal projection neurons in Huntington disease. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA. 85 57335737. Kassubek, J. , Gaus, W. , and Landwehrmeyer, G. B. (2004).Evidence for more widespread cerebral pathology in early HD and MRI-based morphometric analysis. Neurology. 62 523-524. Nasir, J. , Floresco, S. B. , OKusky, J. R . , Diewert, V. M. , Richman, J. M. , Zeisler, J. , Borowski, A. , Marth, J. D. , Philips, A. G. , and Hayden, M. R. (1995). Targeted disruption of the Huntingtons disease gene results in embryonic lethality and behavioral and morphological changes in heterozygotes. Cell. 81 811-823. Cattaneo, E. , Zuccato, C. , and Tartari, M. (2005). Normal huntingtin function alternative approach to Huntingtons disease.Nat Rev Neurosci. 6 919-930. Li, J. Y. , Plomann, M. & Brundin, P. (2003). Huntingtons disease a synaptopathy? Trends Mol. Med. 9 414420. Reiner, A. , Del Mar, N. , Meade, C. A. , Yang, H. , Dragatsis, I. , Zeitlin, S. , and Goldowitz, D. (2001). Neurons lacking huntingtin differentially colonize brain and survive in chimeric mice. J. Neurosci. 21 7608-7619. Gauthier, L. R. , Charrin, B. C. , Borrell-Pages, M. , Dompierre, J. P. , Rangone, H. , Cordelieres, F. P. , De Mey, J. , MacDonald, M. E. , Lessmann, V. , Humbert, S. , and Saudou, F. 2004). Huntingtin controls neurotrophic su pport and survival of neurons by enhancing BDNF vesicular transport along microtubules. Cell. 118 127-138. Leavitt, B. R. , Guttman, J. A. , Hodgson, J. G. , Kimel, G. H. , Singaraja, R. , Vogl, A. W. , and Hayden, M. R. (2001). Wild-type hungtingtin reduces the cellular toxicity of mutant huntingtin in vivo. Am. J. Hum. Genet. 68 313-324. Davies, S. W. , Turmaine, M. , Cozens, B. A. , DiFiglia, M. , Sharp, A. H. , Ross, C. A. , Scherzinger, E. , Wanker, E. E. , Mangiarini, L. , and Bates, G. P. (1997).Formation of neuronal intranuclear inclusions underlies the neurological dysfunction in mice transgenic for the HD mutation. Cell. 90 537-548. Arrasate, M. , Mitra, S. , Schweitzer, E. S. , Segal, M. R. , and Finkbeiner, S. (2004). Inclusion body formation reduces levels of mutant huntingtin and the risk of neuronal death. Nature. 431 805-810. Frank, S. , and Jankovic, J. (2010). Advances in the pharmacological management of Huntingtons disease. Drugs. 70 561-571. Bagchi, S. P. (1983) . Differential interactions of phencyclidine with tetrabenazine and reserpine affecting intraneuronal dopamine.Biochem Pharmacol. 32 2851-6 Huntington Study Group. (2006). Tetrabenazine as antichorea therapy in Huntington disease a randomized controlled trial. Neurology. 66 366-72 Huggins, M. , Bloch, M. , Kanani, S. , Quarrell, O. W. , Theilman, J. , Hedrick, A. , Dickens, B. , Lynch, A. , and Hayden, M. (1990). Ethical and profound dilemmas arising during predictive testing for adult-onset disease the experience of Huntington disease. Am. J. Hum. Genet. 47 4-12. Lea, D. H. , Williams, J. , and Donahue, M. P. (2005). Ethical issues in genetic testing. J. Midwifery Womens Health. 550234-240.

Apush Notes Chapter 8

A. P. U. S. History Notes Chapter 8 America Secedes from the Empire 1775 1783 I. Congress Drafts George majuscule 1. After the bloodshed at Lexington and moderate in April of 1775, about 20,000 Minutemen s contendmed most Boston, where they outnumbered the British. 2. The Second Continental Congress met in Philadelphia on May 10, 1775, with no real intention of independence, merely a go for to continue fighting in the hope that the king and Parliament would consent to a redress of grievances. a. It sent another list of grievances to Parliament. . It also adopted measures to sack money for an army and a navy. c. It also selected George Washington to command the army. 1) George had never risen above the rank of colonel, and his monumentalst command had only been of 1200 men, save he was a tall figure who looked like a leader, and thus, was a moral boost to troops. 2) He radiated patience, courage, self-discipline, and a sense of justice, and though he insisted on working with out pay, he did keep a careful expense account amounting to more than $100,00. II. Bunker Hill and Hessian Hirelings 1.In the first year, the war was one of consistency, as the colonists hold their loyalty while still shooting at the kings men. 2. In May 1775, a tiny American force led by Ethan Allen and benedick Arnold, surprised and captured the British garrisons at Ticonderoga and Crown Point. 3. In June 1775, the colonials seized Bunker Hill (before known as Breeds Hill). a. Instead of flanking them, the Redcoats launched a head-on attack, and the heavily entrenched colonial sharpshooters mowed them bulge out until meager gunpowder supplies ran out and they were forced to retreat. 4.After Bunker Hill, George III slammed the door for all hope of expiation and declared the colonies to be in open rebellion, a treasonous affair. 5. The King also hired many German mercenaries, called Hessians, who, because they were lured by booty and not duty, had large numbers desert and remain ed in America to become respectful citizens. III. The Abortive Conquest of Canada 1. In October 1775, the British burned Falmouth (Portland), Maine. 2. The colonists decided that invading Canada would add a 14th colony and deprive Britain of a valuable base for striking at the colonies in revolt. a.Also, the french-Canadians would support the Americans because they supposedly were bitter about Britains fetching over of their land. b. General Richard Montgomery captured Montreal. c. At Quebec, he was joined by the bedraggled army of General Benedict Arnold. d. On the coda day of 1775, in the assault of Quebec, Montgomery was killed and Arnold was wounded in one leg, and the whole campaign collapsed as the men retreated up the St. Lawrence River, reversing the way Montgomery had come. e. Besides, the french-Canadians, who had welcomed the Quebec Act, didnt rightfully like the anti-Catholic invaders. 3.In January 1776, the British set fire to Norfolk, Virginia, but in March, they were finally forced to evacuate Boston. 4. In the south, the rebels won a victory against or so 1500 Loyalists at Moores Creek Bridge, in South Carolina, and against an invading British fleet at Charleston Harbor. IV. doubting Thomas Paine Preaches Common Sense 1. In 1776, Thomas Paine published Common Sense, which urged colonials to disclose this war of inconsistency, stop pretending loyalty, and just fight. 2. Nowhere in the universe did a smaller body take a larger one, so Paine argued, saying why tiny Britain had to control gigantic America. . He called King George III the Royal Brute of Great Britain. V. Paine and the Idea of Republicanism 1. Paine argued his sentiment that there should be a republic where senators, governors, and judges should have their power from the consent of the people. 2. He laced his ideas with Biblical imagery, familiar to common folk. 3. His ideas about rejecting monarchy and conglomerate and embrace an independent republic fell on receptive ea rs in America, though it should be noted that these ideas already existed. a. The sensitive Englanders already practiced this fibre of giving medication in their town meetings. . Some patriots, though, favored a republic persistd by a natural aristocracy. VI. Jeffersons Explanation of liberty 1. Members of the Philadelphia Congress, instructed by their colonies, gradually moved toward a clean hesitate with Britain. 2. On June 7, 1776, fiery Richard Henry urged for complete independence, an idea that was finally adopted on July 2, 1776. 3. To write such(prenominal) a statement, Congress appointed Thomas Jefferson, already renown as a great writer, to concoct a Declaration of Independence. a.He did so eloquently, attack up with a list of grievances against King George III and persuasively explaining why the colonies had the right to revolt. b. His explanation of independence also upheld the natural rights of humankind. 4. When Congress approved it on July 2nd, bottom Adams p roclaimed that date to be celebrated from thus on with fireworks, but because of editing and final approval, it was not completely approved until July 4th, 1776. VII. Patriots and Loyalists 1. The War of Independence was a war within a war, as not all colonials were united. . There were Patriots, who supported rebellion and were called Whigs. b. There were Loyalists, who supported the King, ofttimes went to battle against brother Americans, and were called Tories. c. There were those who didnt care, and these people were constantly being asked to join one side or another. 2. During the war, the British proved that they could only control Tory areas, because when Redcoats packed up and left other areas, the rebels would regain control. 3.The Patriot militias constantly harassed small British detachments. 4. Loyalists were generally conservatives, but the war divided families. a. Benjamin Franklin was against his illegitimate son, William, the last royal governor of New Jersey. 5. The Patriots were generally the younger generation, like Samuel Adams and Patrick Henry. 6. Loyalists were most numerous where the Anglican Church was strongest. 7. There were also those who sold to the highest bidder, selling the British and ignoring starving, freezing soldiers (i. e.George Washington at Valley Forge). 8. Loyalists were less numerous in New England, where Presbyterianism and Congregationalism flourished. VIII. The Loyalist Exodus 1. After the Declaration of Independence, Loyalists and Patriots were more sharply divided, and Patriots often confiscated Loyalist property and resell it (good way to raise money). 2. Some 50,000 Loyalists served the British in one way or another (fighting, spying, etc), and it was an oddity that the Brits didnt win more use of them during the war. IX. General Washington at Bay . After the evacuation of Boston, the British focused on New York as a HQ for operations. a. An awe-inspiring fleet appeared off the coast in July 1776, consisti ng of some 500 ships and 35,000 menthe largest armed force seen in America ever until the Civil War. b. Washington could only muster 18,000 ill-trained men to fight, and they were routed at the Battle of Long Island. c. Washington escaped to Manhattan Island, crossed the Hudson River to New Jersey, reaching the Delaware River with taunting, fox-hunt calling British on his heels. d. crossover the Delaware River at Trenton on a cold December 26, 1776, and surprised and captured a thousand Hessians who were sleeping off their Christmas Day celebration (drinking). e. He then left his campfires burning as a ruse, slipped away, and inflicted a sharp defeat on a smaller British detachment at Princeton, show his army genius at its best. f. It was odd that General William Howe, the British general, didnt crush Washington when he was at the Delaware, but he well remembered Bunker Hill, and was cautious. X. Burgoynes Blundering Invasion 1.London officials adopted a complicated scheme for cap turing the vital Hudson River Valley in 1777 which, if successful, would severe New England from the rest of the colonies a. General Burgoyne would push down the Lake Champlain route from Canada. b. General Howes troops in New York, if needed, could advance up the Hudson and meet Burgoyne in Albany. c. A third and much smaller British force commanded by Colonel Barry St. Ledger would come in from the west by way of Lake Ontario and the Mohawk Valley. 2. However, Benedict Arnold, after failure at Quebec, retreated belatedly along the St.Lawrence back to Lake Champlain, where the British would have to win control (of the lake) before proceeding. a. The Brits stopped to build a huge force, while Arnold assembled a tattered flotilla from any(prenominal) boats he could find. b. His navy was destroyed, but he had gained valuable time, because winter set in and the British settled in Canada they would have to begin anew the close spring. 1) Had Arnold not contributed his daring and skill , the Brits most likely would have recaptured Ticonderoga and Burgoyne could have started from there and succeeded in his venture. 3.Burgoyne began his mission with 7000 troops and a heavy baggage train consisting of a great number of the officers wives. a. Meanwhile, sneaky rebels, sensing the kill, were gathering along his flanks. 4. General Howe, at a time when he should be starting up the Hudson, advisedly embarked for an attack on Philadelphia. a. He wanted to force an encounter with Washington and leave the path wide open for Burgoynes thrust he ruling he had enough time to help Burgoyne if needed. b. Washington transferred his troops to Philly, but was defeated at Brandywine Creek and Germantown. . Then, the fun-loving Howe settled down in Philadelphia, leaving Burgoyne to the dogs. d. Ben Franklin, in Paris, joked that Howe hadnt captured Philadelphia, but that Philadelphia had captured Howe. 5. Washington finally retired for the winter at Valley Forge, where his troops froze in the cold, but a recently arrived Prussian drill master, business leader von Steuben, whipped the cold troops into shape. 6. Burgoynes doomed troops were bogged down, and the rebels swarmed in with a series of sharp engagements, pushing the St.Legers force back at Oriskany while Burgoyne, otiose to advance or retreat, surrendered his entire force at Saratoga, on October 17, 1777. a. Perhaps one of the most decisive battles in British and American history. XI. Strange french Bedfellows 1. France was eager to get r until nowge on Britain, and secretly supplied the Americans throughout much of the war. 2. After the humiliation at Saratoga, the British offered the Americans a measure that gave them home ruleeverything they wanted except independence. 3. After Saratoga, France finally was persuaded to enter the war against Britain. a.Louis XVIs ministers argued that this was the perfect time to act, because if Britain regained control, she might then try to capture the French West Indies for compensation for the war. b. Now was the time the strike, rather than risk a stronger Britain with its reunited colonies. 4. France, in 1778, offered a treaty of alliance, offering America everything that Britain had offered, plus recognition of independence. a. The Americans received with caution, since France was pro-Catholic, but since they needed help, theyd take it. XII. The Colonial War Becomes a World War 1. In 1779, Spain and Holland entered the war against Britain. . In 1780, Catherine the Great of Russia took the lead in organizing the Armed Neutrality (she later called it the Armed Nullity) that lined up all of Europes neutrals in passive hostility against England. 3. America, though it kept the war going until 1778, didnt win until France, Spain, and Holland joined in and Britain couldnt handle them all. 4. Britain, with the French now in the seas, decided to finally evacuate Philadelphia and concentrate their forces in New York, and even though Washingt on attacked them at Monmouth on a blisteringly hot day in which scores of men died of sunstroke, the British escaped to New York.XIII. Blow and Counterblow 1. French reinforcements, commanded by Comte de Rochambeau, arrived in Newport, Rhode Island in 1780, but flares sometimes erupted between the Americans and the French. 2. In 1780, feeling unappreciated and lured by British gold, General Benedict Arnold turned traitor by plotting with the British to sell out West Point. a. When the plot was discovered, he fled with the British. b. Whom can we trust now? cried George Washington in anguish. 3. The British devised a plan to roll up the colonies from the South. a. Georgia was ruthlessly overrun in 1778-1779. b. Charleston, South Carolina, fell in 1780. . In the Carolinas, Patriots bitterly fought their Loyalist neighbors. d. However, in 1781, American riflemen wiped out a British detachment at Kings Mountain, and then defeated a smaller force at Cowpens. e. At the Carolina campaign of 1781, Quaker-reared tactician General Nathanael Greene distinguished himself with his strategy of delay. 1) By slowly retreating and losing battles but winning campaigns, he helped clear the British out of most of Georgia and South Carolina. XIV. The Land Frontier and the Sea Frontier 1. 1777 was known as the bloody year on the frontier, as Indians went on a scalping spree. . Most of the Indians supported Britain and believed that if they won, it would stop American expansion into the West, and save Indian land. 3. Mohawk chief Joseph Brant, recently converted to Anglicanism, and his men ravaged the backcountry of Pennsylvania and New York until check by Americans in 1779. 4. In 1784, the pro-British Iroquois (the Oneidas and the Tuscaroras had sided with the Americans, the other four with the British) signed the Treaty of For Stanwix, the first treaty between the U. S. and an Indian nation. a. Under its terms, the Indians ceded most of their land. 5.Even in wartime, pioneers mov ed west, showing their gratitude to the French with such town names as Louisville while remembering the Revolution with Lexington, Kentucky. 6. George Rogers Clark, an audacious frontiersman, fuck uped down the Ohio River with about 175 in 1778-1779 and captured forts Kaskaskia, Chohokia, and Vicennes in speedily succession. 7. The tiny American navy never really hurt the British warships, but it did destroy British merchant shipping and carried the war into the waters around the British Isles. 8. Swift privateers preyed on enemy shipping, capturing many ships and forcing them to sail in convoys.XV. Yorktown and the Final Curtain. 1. Before the last decisive victory, inflation continued to soar, and the government was virtually bankrupt, and announced that it could only repay many of its debts at a rate of 2. 5 cents on the dollar. 2. However, Cornwallis was blundering into a trap. a. Retreating to Chesapeake Bay and assuming that British control of the seas would give him much ne eded backup, Cornwallis instead was trapped by Washingtons army, which had come 300 miles from New York, Rochambeaus French army, and the navy of French Admiral de Grasse. . After hearing the news of Cornwallis defeat, Lord North cried, Oh God Its all over 4. Stubborn King George wanted to continue the war, since he still had 54,000 troops in North America and 32,000 in the U. S. , and fighting did continue for about a year after Yorktown, especially in the South, but America had won. XVI. Peace at Paris 1. Many Brits were weary of the war, since they had suffered heavy reverse in India and the West Indies, the island of Minorca in the Mediterranean had fallen, and the Rock of Gibraltar was tottering. . Ben Franklin, John Adams, and John Jay met in Paris for a peace deal. a. Jay suspected that France would try to keep the U. S. cooped up east of the Alleghenies and keep America weak. b. Instead, Jay, thinking that France would betray American manque to satisfy those of Spain, secr etly made separate overtures to London (against instructions from Congress) and came to terms quickly with the British, who were eager to entice one of their enemies from the alliance. 3.The Treaty of Paris of 1783, Britain formally accepted the USA and granted generous boundaries, stretching majestically to the Mississippi on the west, the Great Lakes on the north, and to Spanish Florida on the South. a. The Yankees also retained a address in the priceless fisheries of Newfoundland. b. Americans couldnt persecute Loyalists, though, and Congress could only recommend legislatures that confiscated Loyalist land. XVII. A New Nation Legitimized 1. Britain had ceded so much land because it was exhausting to entice America from its French alliance. a.Remember, George Rogers Clark had only conquered a small part of the land. 2. Also, during the time, the American-friendly Whigs were in control of the Parliament, which was not to be the case in later years. 3. France approved the treaty, though with cautious eyes. 4. In truth, America came out the big winner, and seldom, if ever, have any people been so favored. XVIII. Makers of America The Loyalists 1. Loyalists were conservative, well-educated, thought that a complete break with Britain would invite anarchy, and felt that America couldnt win against the more powerful army in the world. . Many Britons had settled in America after the sevener Years War, and they had reason to support their home country. 3. Thousands of African-Americans joined the British ranks for hope of freedom from bondage. a. Many Black Loyalists won their freedom from Britain. b. Others suffered betrayal, such as when Cornwallis disposed over 4000 former slaves in Virginia and when many Black Loyalists boarded ships expecting to embark for freedom and instead found themselves sold back into slavery. c. Some Black exiles settled in Britain, but werent really accepted easily. . Most Loyalists remained in America, where they faced special burd ens and struggled to re-establish themselves in a society that viewed them as traitors. 5. Hugh Gaine, though, succeeded. a. He reopened his business and even won contracts fro the new government. b. He also published the new national army regulations authored by Baron von Steuben. c. When New York ratified the Constitution in 1788, Gaine rode the float at the head of the citys celebration parade. d. He had, like many other former Loyalists, become an American.

Determination of Chlorine and Iodine in Water Essay

I. IntroductionThe purpose of this laboratory was to determine the amount of chlorine and single in a sample of pissing by titration using a starch indicator and to standardize a sodium thiosulfate effect. Chlorine is added to municipal pissing supplies to purify it nice to become safe to drink. Iodine is also added to pissing when people camp or go hiking in the back country where they cannot become purified water along. Chlorine and iodine are added to kill microorganisms in water. Oxidation reactions occurred in this experiment. The Chlorine was oxidized because it lost electrons in the reaction. The iodine was reduced because it gained electrons. The solutions turned a yellow color because of the iodine which disappears once all of the iodine has reacted in the titration. Sodium thiosulfate was the titrant in the process of titration. It was added to react with the iodine in the solution. amylum was added to give the solution a blue color near the terminal of the titrati on. Potassium iodate (KIO) was apply to standardize the sodium thiosulfate solution. Practical applications would include testing mysterious samples of water and municipal water supplies for the engrossment of chlorine present because too much can cause health problems and not taste well. Not enough added, wouldnt kill the microorganisms in the water to make it safe to drink.II. ProcedureFirst the standardization of Sodium Thiosulfate was completed. A 50mL buret was obtained and rinsed twice with the sodium thiosulfate solution. It was and accordingly make full with the solution. The tip of the buret was checked to make sure there werent any bubbles in it. wherefore a 250mL beaker was obtained. A 25mL pipette was used to add exactly 25mL of the KIO solution. Then 50mL of deionized water and about .25g of solid KI was added. The solution was stirred until the solid was completely dissolved. 2mL of glacial acetic acid was wherefore added. Then, the beaker was placed under the buret and was swirled as the sodium thiosulfate was added. The buret was slowed as the color became lighter. When the color was almost gone, 1mL of the starch solution was added to turn the solution blue. Then it was slowly titrated until the color disappeared. The final volume of the solution in the buret was recorded and the amount of titrant was calculated. This titration was repeated two to a greater extent times to standardize the constriction of the thiosulfate. Then the concentration of Chlorine in Tap water was found. It was repeated the almost exactly the same way as before.The buret was filled with the sodium thiosulfate solution and the initial value was recorded. Then a 50mL graduated cylinder was rinsed with tap water two to three times. The graduated cylinder was wherefore filled with cold tap water. It was then poured into a clean beaker and .25g of KI and 2mL glacial acetic acid were added and stirred until the solid was dissolved. Then the solution was titrated. 1mL of starch was added then the yellow color almost disappeared. It was then titrated slowly until the blue color disappeared. The final volume was recorded and the volume of titrant used was determined. This was repeated two more times.Then the concentration of iodine was determined in the iodine purified water. The buret was refilled and the initial volume was recorded. Then the 50mL graduated cylinder was rinsed with the iodine solution. 50mL of the iodine solution was then obtained and poured into a clean beaker. Then .25g of KI and 2mL of acetic acid were added and the solution was stirred until it was dissolved. Then it was titrated until the yellow color almost disappeared. 1mL of starch was then added and the solution was titrated slowly until the blue color disappeared. The final volume was recorded and the volume of titrant used was then determined. This was repeated two more times. Then everything was cleaned and adorn away.III. Data and Results remit 1 Standardization of Sodium Thiosulfate theme Initial Buret account book (mL) Final Buret Volume (mL) Volume Used (mL) first Standardization 50 25.64 24.362nd Standardization 50 25.99 24.013rd Standardization 50 26.21 23.79Table 2 Titration of Tap Water Initial Buret Volume (mL) Final Buret Volume (mL) Volume Used (mL) 1st Titration 50 48.29 1.172nd Titration 50 48.25 1.753rd Titration 50 48.20 1.80Table 3 Titration of Iodine Solution Initial Buret Volume (mL) Final Buret Volume (mL) Volume Used (mL) 1st Titration 50 45.61 4.392nd Titration 50 45.59 4.413rd Titration 50 45.60 4.40Table 4 Average Concentrations Molarity (moles/Liter)Sodium Thiosulfate Solution 1.0610Chlorine in Tap Water 1.8610Iodine in Solution 4.6610Sample Calculation- Concentration of Chlorine(1.0610)*(0.00175L)=1.8610 moles thiosulfate(1.8610mol thiosulfate)*(1 mol Cl/2 mol thiosulfate)=9.2810 mol Cl (9.2810mol Cl)/.05L=1.8610 moles Cl/LiterIn the first standardization of the sodium thiosulfate solution, 24.36mL of the titrant was used. 24.01mL and 23.79mL were used for the second and third standardizations. With the concentration of the sodium thiosulfate solution shared out the average volume of those gave the average thiosulfate concentration which was 1.0610 moles per liter. For the titration of tap water, an average of 1.75mL of the sodium thiosulfate solution was used. After the calculations, the concentration of chlorine in tap water was 1.8610 moles of chlorine per liter.The average of the titrations of the iodine solution was 4.40mL of titrant used. After the calculations, 4.6610 moles of iodine were present per liter. Some useful observations were conducted. The iodine in the solution do it turn a yellow color when the glacial acetic acid was added. It started to disappear as the iodine was reacting with the titrant. When the starch solution was added, the solution turned blue. As the endpoint neared, the blue color started to dissipate. When the endpoint was reached, the solution was clear wi th no color left in the solution. Sources of error could include adding too much titrant from the buret into the solution.IV. ConclusionThe purpose of this lab was to identify the concentration of chlorine and iodine in different samples of water. The results fulfilled the purpose of this lab because the concentrations of chlorine and iodine were found. The concentration of chlorine in the tap water was 1.8610 moles of chlorine per liter. The molarity of iodine in the iodine water solution was 4.66 x10 moles per liter. The concentration of iodine was significantly higher than the amount of chlorine in tap water. There was more iodine in the water because of the solid KI being added to the solution. Tap water contains small amounts of chlorine because thats all that is needed to kill the microorganisms living in the water that are harmful to people. The results that were obtained were un pass judgment because there wasnt a standard value to go off of. The percent error wasnt able to be obtained.Possible sources of error would include adding too much of the titrant to the solution. This would mend the results by having more than enough titrant used. This would affect the concentration values and make them higher than they really were. Chemical concepts used were titrations. When the Iodide ions, from the potassium iodide, react with the chlorine in the tap water, chloride ions and I were formed. Then the I was titrated with the sodium thiosulfate solution which created the iodide ions. Before the endpoint of the titration, the starch was added.Once all of the iodine reacted with the thiosulfate, the blue color disappeared because the endpoint was reached and the iodide ions were formed. Also the standardization of the sodium thiosulfate solution was performed. When the potassium iodate reacted with the solid KI and the acetic acid, it created I and water. The I was titrated and formed with the thiosulfate and created iodide ions also. The concentration of the thiosulfate was 1.0610 moles per liter. That result was expected because it should have been around .001 M and it was .00106 M.

Assignment Essay Essay

Sustainable touristry is be able to the deliver positive environmental, social, and economical results with thought to the needs of the visitors, host community and surroundings. Sustainability as defined in the Brundtland commission report it states as concussion the needs of the present without compromising the needs of the future coevalss to meet their needs. For example, the sm whole championship line ar starting to practices sustainability principles by changing to renewable energy sources, reducing use of paper and recycling more than.As a result, the concept of sustainability addresses the aspects of triple screw line nitty-gritty the balance of societies, economy and the environment are described by (Bonevac, 2010). According to the World Tourism Organization, sustainable touristry means meeting the needs of the present tourist and host regions while protecting and enhancing the opportunity for the future. Instead of just being a product, sustainable tourism is a philosophy that underpins all(a) tourism actions (Owens, Is there a Meaningful translation of Sustainability? , 2003).To all tourism victimisation and management, it is a fundamental concept instead of being an add-on factor. The foremost aim of sustainable tourism is to maintain the economic and social return of tourism development while reducing or justifying the unattractive impacts on the inhering, historic, cultural or social environment (Governemnt, 2009). The stated objectives attained by matching the needs of tourists with those of the destination. Sustainable tourism is an pains, which challenges to make a petite impact on the environment and the topical anesthetic culture, though helping to produce income, employment and the preservation of topical anaesthetic anaesthetic ecology. consequently, responsible tourism is both cost-effectively and culturally responsive, meaning have minimum impact on the environment and culture of the host community (Group, 2007). Scot land Tourism Organization has defined sustainable tourism as tourism committed to generating a low impact on the surrounding environment and community by acting responsibly while generating income and employment for the local economy and aiding social cohesion (Organisation v. s. , 2013).Scotland Sustainable tourism aspires to guarantee that economic development in terms of encouraging experience for each one involved local community, Tourism Companies and visitors. In practice, sustainable tourism means greener transport, given that transport is innermost to tourism however it also put pressure on our born(p) choices and contributes to our worldwide environment impacts. Procedures like cheering visitors to utilize communal transport, and advance in cleaner forms of transport will assist in this area (Organisation v. . , 2013). unfaltering and environmental strains a more even stretch of visitors lessens pressures on the natural and built environment and on communities, and capita lizes on the financial payback. Scotland Tourism Organization modifies its ad drive to persuade a stretch of visitors throughout the year and around state (Organisation v. s. , 2013). For example, surprise yourself. There is necessary to work with the public, private and independent sectors to unsex the environmental and social impacts of tourism.These guarantees that tourism expansion carries a encouraging experience for home people, tourism companies and the tourist themselves (Organisation v. s. , 2013). Green accommodation is one in that all room offers lessens their misuse, energy and water use. The green Tourism Business Scheme persuades businesses to trim down their environmental impacts. The scheme is one of the largest of its land in atomic number 63 with over 800 Scottish members (Organisation v. s. , 2013).However, any tourism perseverance can take advantage from flattering more sustainable through safeguarding the very features on which tourism depends taking a sustai nable start to tourism expansion is the only way to guarantee long-term tourism expansion in the southeast peaceful (Organisation v. s. , 2013). The success of tourism in any country depends on taking care of the environmental or social impacts of tourism development. The visitors benefit from sustainable move to tourism throughout from enhanced relates with local communities, a tall valuate tourism experiences and a natural and fabricated environment.Thus, by fetching a sustainable tourism destination will deliver the goods the South Pacific Tourism Businesses a cutthroat frame by producing community assistance for tourism attaining value savings and designing innovative marketing prospect. As the tourism industry develop in as many regions and countries, it generates noneworthy impact on the uptake pattern, natural resources, pollution and social systems (Organisation v. s. , 2013). For the industry to survive as a whole it is vital to understand and interpret the need sus tainable and responsible be after and management.To begin with, education and collaborative partnership are come outes that can assist destinations attain more sustainable tourism. The whole idea of sustainability based on the experience through environmental, ecologically and socially responsible tourism. Partnerships with local communities through rural community gathering before and during development are needed in assign to let alone the frequent divergence between conservation initiatives and traditional resources users (Billington, Carter, & Kayamba, 2008).The departments from the government can collaborate with the resource owners to develops and negotiate over the investment on proposal (English subject field Park government activity Association, 2009). For example, the Chumbe Island Coral Park is a good example of collaborate partnership, which was developed to sustain the natural beauty and attractions of the island (English National Park Authorities Association, 200 9). Chumbe Island is located in the Indian Ocean channel of the coast of the semi autonomous region of Zanzibar (English National Park Authorities Association, 2009).The soulfulness responsible for the project on the natural pose at Chumbe Island was (David, 2011). During her work sprightliness, (David, 2011) experience the need for the conservation and sustaining of the natural flora and fauna. (David, 2011) developed an innovative approach to protect marine conservation combined with tourism development through the sustainable and multilevel partnership approach to promote successful marine park management, awareness of marine conservation and sustainable tourism management. David, 2011) Develop a small marine park that would help consume a unspoiled chromatic reef, offer environmental education for both the locals and the foreign visitors and generate management fund through authentic ecotourism. Thus, the need for the park at Chumbe Island arose due to inappropriate aid and the government in the country noted conservation programs. Hence, the collaborative partnership arose to sustain the nature conservation of Tanzania for the future (English National Park Authorities Association, 2009).Secondly, the partnership approach deals with the local communities because they are the essential people who are the resource owners (Governemnt, 2009). Engaging the local community in the environmental education on sustainability through workshops and seminars will increase their concerns for the global issues such as climate change (Clark, 2013). In addition, collaboration with NGO has to hold workshops with the anglers, to engage them in sustainable sportfishing practices and conservation of the resources (David, 2011).Thus, the young and the old generation in the area is to be informed about sustainable fishing practices, laws and regulation regarding fishing practices and marine conservation area and the benefits of marine protected areas (Ki-Hoon & Ball, 2003). All this environmental awareness, education and training initiative with the community are to provide locomotell development on sustainable tourism (Group, 2007). The scale of growth of the tourism industry In the South Pacific is rapidly and that the environmental and social, economic impacts of it cannot be miss (Azam & Sarker, 2011).This has caused the Pacific Region to find ways in which the industries could be made more sustainable. The industry is more sustainable through minimizing resource use and consume production (Othman, 2004). For the sustainability of tourism, water is the major issue for concern. For example, a tourist in a hotels uses on standard one third of more water per twenty-four hours than a local inhabitant uses and put severe restriction on local supply (Othman, 2004). Activities such as golf course, artificial snow ski resorts are in demand of water.For small and medium sized business, sustainability thought of an expensive and difficult idea (Billingto n, Carter, & Kayamba, 2008). Most of the dominating tourism industries in the South Pacific have not actively engaged in government activities that encourages that adoption of sustainability practices (David, 2011). There are a number of barriers identified by the researchers that hinds implementing sustainability practices in South Pacific tourism businesses including the financial crisis for implementation, the labor insecurity of being certified, lack of government and industry support the technical nature of information forums.Hence are a number of actions businesses could undertake to improve environmental performance (Azam & Sarker, 2011). Activities relating to efficient resources use and waste management includes minimizing energy consumption, for example using have ventilation instead of air-conditioning and heaters encouraging the use of renewable sources and improved technology also Getting involved in accreditation programs (Owens, Is there a Meaningful Definition of Su stainability? 2003). There is a need to promote and facilitate the reduction, reuse and recycling of materials and water quality including the efficient treatment of sewerage, avoiding discharge into marine and rivers (Organisation, 2005).For example, in Australia the Australian formula 1 ING grand Prix Corporation, which works with environmental packaging and waste recycling partner to minimize the impact of the race on the environment? Billington, Carter, & Kayamba, 2008) Thus, by minimizing waste use, energy use and waste production, businesses can reduce their impact on the environment and achieve cost savings (Ki-Hoon & Ball, 2003). Furthermore, the conserving and giving value to natural and cultural heritage is of critical importances, in enunciate to enhance the quality of life of local communities through tourism, and connect the people in is plan and management (Organisation, 2005). The growing awarenesss and generating direct and indirect support for conservation is the key role played by the tourism industry (Group, 2007).The generation of economic propensity for the tourism industry is to provide with quality natural and cultural heritage (Azam & Sarker, 2011). This would ensure the long-term competitiveness, viability and the prosperity of tourism enterprises and destinations and the quality of life of local communities and to the visitor experience by providing a safe, satisfying and fulfilling experience to the visitors available to all without discrimination by gender, race, religion, disability or in new(prenominal) ways (Organisation, 2005).Areas that are of importance to tourism natural and cultural includes the natural landscapes quality and variety, man-made cultural landscapes, heritage and historic sites, the flora and fauna diversity, local uniqueness such as art, crafts, cuisine, language events and festivals (Organisation, 2005). Thus, to address these issues listed above relevant action like being more prepared to use the tourism line of merchandise as to fund the prevention of nature and culture and to prevent damaging change (Clark, 2013).Also strengthening the relationship between protected area and local tourism interest, within the context of a sustainable tourism strategy and action plan would lead the South Pacific to be more sustainable (Organisation v. s. , 2013). Sustainable development is holistic in nature therefore, it requires management of policies and coordination of action between sectors (Othman, 2004). To control the impact of tourism initiated by environmental or developmental strategies and policies code and regulations are necessary (Governemnt, 2009).Appropriate strategies or sets of policies for specific aspects of tourism were developed. For example, in Bulgaria the separate strategy for ecotourism, which reflects the sustainability principles? (Bonevac, 2010) This initiative can also be taken by the local Ministry of Environment of Tourism to integrate the strategy in terms of re gulations (David, 2011). In coordinating and ensuring success of this specific sub-sector, such regulations and legislations can be very helpful. This can be very helpful in demonstrating processes and formulating policies that could be modified more widely in tourism (Ki-Hoon & Ball, 2003).Strategy and policies must be developed and apply at both local and guinea pig level in order to achieve effective result. Most countries in the South Pacific are in the process of decentralizing their political and administrative structures so local decision-making is the vital aspect toward sustainability development (English National Park Authorities Association, 2009). An coordinated approach to the development and management of tourism is within local destinations, is recognized as the most successful direction to sustainable tourism (Governemnt, 2009).Thus, it is vital for the internal and local strategies to be corresponding but these two variable in tourism strategies vary in terms of national tourism strategies relates to the national tourism vision of the overall position and direction (Organisation v. s. , 2013). While local tourism strategies relates to the holistic of the local destinations in areas such as local objectives and priorities, local resource opportunity and constraints and many more (David, 2011).Hence, the identifying of policies and instruments to create the enabling environment for sustainable tourism is more of national strategy while the determining of what happens on desktop is more of local strategies (Governemnt, 2009). Both the national and local tourism strategies are required for sustainable tourism to embrace the principles of sustainable development and both strategies are reliable and commonly reinforcing (Othman, 2004). Finally, the command control instrument allows government to exert strict control over certain aspects of development and operation, backed by legislation (Organisation, 2005).Legislation, regulation and licensin g are the interdependent tools that can be used to strengthen sustainability by setting out requirements that are compulsory and enforceable and which lead to sanctions and penalties if they not met (Billington, Carter, & Kayamba, 2008). The process of checking and signaling compliance with regulations or early(a)wise identified obligatory standards assigning permission to operate is called licensing (Organisation, 2005). To control aspects of business development and operations and to mold peoples behavior government are in a position to apply laws, regulations and penalties.These legislation and regulations must be applied when the governments believes that it is necessary to do so (Governemnt, 2009). Thus, for regulations to be successful, it has to be relevant, clear, practicable in terms of compliance and capable of being enforced. In order the tourism industry to be more sustainable the laws and legislations should enable and support the sustainability of tourism and give au thority to act (Billington, Carter, & Kayamba, 2008). It should also seek to raise sustainability performance above such standards through other means, which would also stimulate personal commitment towards continual improvement.For example, in the government of Fiji builds up a (EIA) environmental Impact Assessment regulation, which stated that for any familiarity or hotel with an EIA reports in Fiji, has to provide the Fiji Government with an EIA report of the development to progress (Turnbull, 2003). There are a number of areas in which laws and regulations can be implemented to attain more sustainable tourism industry and that includes operation, management and development which are controlled by this legislation to protect the environment, communities, culture and heritage, visitor experience and the business as a whole (Turnbull, 2003).The purpose of government intervention in the sector as law provides a vehicle for underpinning sustainability. These legislations can also pr ovide the basis for enabling the control and licensing of activities specific to the tourism sector and for the undertaking to certain action to support tourism development (Organisation v. s. , 2013). To conclude, sustainable tourism is all about forecasting of long-term, working together examining on results and adaptive to change and the most effective thing is communication to put across the message of sustainable tourism.It is the duty of the private, public and independent sector to acquire leadership role in tackle the challenge of this sector. The degree at which the tourism industry is change magnitude in the South Pacific forecasts that the environmental and social impacts of tourism cannot be disregarded. Traditionally, a number of sustainable tourism activities has been carried out and is supported by the national Tourism Organization of the South Pacific countries.However, there are a number of challenges that still stay alive and need attention in order to be more sus tainable tourism industry, like climate change. In order to tackle these challenges and grip future sustainable opportunities in a harmonised manner, research and development done in these South Pacific countries to handle these issues through sustainable tourism strategy plan. The tourism strategies plans would assist the tourism industry to change unenthusiastic community discernment of the industry and achieve economic benefits through sustainable practices.It believed that it would egg on business to hold sustainable tourism practices in order to meet consumers demand and to improve business performance. Sustainable tourism should be broadcasted and celebrated amongst tourists, host communities and the participants in the industry move the industry toward sustainability. Nevertheless, the commitment to change and improve must be authentic and supported on well-established procedures and actions that is to be achieved.

Adversity in ‘Lord of the Flies’ Essay

Adversity is presented in many forms during Lord of the Flies for the main character Ralph. It comes not only in the form of other people scarcely a corruption of what society the boys on the island have managed to hold onto. One of the strongest forms of hardship came in the form of a strong and outspoken boy mother fucker Jack often overwhelms and disregards things that Ralph, the chief of the boys on the island, has said to be done. Ralph, we can see, struggles to hold his control over the group of boys when Jack refuses to believe the importance of these jobs.Ralphs biggest struggle against adversity against Jack happens during a time of panic and distress. We know he struggles for power as Jack checked him, use of the word interrupt shows that there is no respect between the two of them. As there is no respect, especially for the chief of the federation of tribes, it causes adversity between the more outspoken members of the tribe and Ralph because they believe they can ove rride his authority. Here Golding explores adversity through his language choices.His language choices can be actually important when portraying adversity deep down the group of boys certain words portray different levels of adversity for example mutinously shows that there is a high level of adversity as the boys are distressed with the situation they are in. Golding also explored adversity through the emotional turmoil of being on an handsome-less island. Without adults, the children have no boundaries and therefore have to understand for themselves the boundaries of adult life what is socially acceptable and unacceptable.They did this by making mistakes and learning from them, they do everything they to keep what society has instilled upon them with rules and roles in their society. They have had to grow up and overcome the adversity by becoming adults and learning to survive and fend for themselves and the littluns by building their shelters and learning to hunt and kill the pig. He has explored the struggle of adversity peculiarly well through Ralph, this is because it easy to see how well he steps into the role of chief and protector of the group, he overcomes the adversity of growing into adult ruling well.He understands what the basics are as he knows they need food, hygiene for safety and smoke signal for passing ships to see, this is obvious because he knows they need a smoke signal or they will die. One of the biggest forms of adversity with which the boys struggled was undoubtedly learning to cope and overcome the fear the littluns had instilled upon themselves associated with the beast.Golding does this by changing the way Ralph handles the crisis and changing his basic survival instincts back to that of the society the boys have left behind and learn to be compassionate towards the obviously scared four-year-old boys. This is obvious because throughout the book Ralph has been harsh, we can see this most in the first few chapters where he h imself is obviously scared at the prospect of hold up with no adult help or guidance, we can see this through the way Golding has made Ralph speak and react to the other characters, such as his rowdyism to another key figure in the book, Piggy.An example of this is the fact that Ralph continuously tells Piggy to Shut up. However, when he understands the littluns fear of the beast, his tone softens and he understands that they need to be protected and looked aft(prenominal) to feel safe, this is obvious because he made sure that a bigger child was there to look after them when all of them go on hunts, this shows that they have overcome their instincts to look after only themselves.However, they overcome the adversity of adjusting to life in fear of the beast very well. They adjust everything about the way they were living, moving the fire to their beach instead of leaving it on top of the mountain where they knew the beast was. We can see he is doing this for the protection of eve rybody as they do it so they neednt go near-. The use of the word neednt in this context shows that Ralph is protecting the group because hes keeping them out of what they believe to be harms way.

How illiteracy influences people’s life Essay

In the mental picture, The Reader, Kate Winslet played the voice of Hanna Schmitz, an unlearned train conductor who was sent to fall back without even understanding what she has done wrong. When Hanna said the line, I would rather listen to you , I was moved because these a couple of(prenominal) words allowed me to empathize with plurality who are illiterate. It gave me a glimpse of the feelings of helplessness and frustration they must break in their everyday life. The movie in addition fork uped me how illiteracy can affect a persons life.Because of the fact that they do not obligate access to the information the rest of the world has, they end up organism enslaved by the opinions of the literate. It is impossible for them to construct opinions as they do lack the details needed to build one. At the same time, they are forced to be dependent on people who can return them with this information. They are overly under the mercy of people who fool receiveledge in the w ritten law. The movie also showed me how humbling it must be not to be adequate to(p) to read or write. At the start of the movie, she had an affair with a man half her age.And, whenever the man would read for her, her seniority faded away because of the way she would act alike(p) a child waiting for her father to read her a do time story. Hannas story shows how important being literate is. It plays an important role in a persons life as it can change his or her destiny. In this essay, I would like to talk about the changes and effects of literacy to a persons mind and life. I would like to show how literacy can portion out intellect and power to a person by going through the industrial plant of Staple, Douglass and Kozel which they created in order to emphasize the importance of literacy in the democratic world.Brent Staple, an author and editorial writer for the New York Times, recounted the way his grandfather changed his life by learning how to read. In one of his terms, he wrote cause of Author 2- Nevertheless, the ability to read and write gave them a vantage point on their circumstances and protect them from swindlers who regularly stripped illiterate people of land and other assets. (p. 1) Staples grandfather was able to amplification his independence by learning how to read and write. He also learned how to distinguish what is upright from what is bad, what can benefit him and what can ruin his life.He also found himself with the power to think and snap off his opinion as he now has a better grasp of the issues around him. Armed with the knowledge he was able to acquire from reading, he found the power to make his have got decisions and fight for his rights. He was able to free himself from the prison of other peoples thoughts. Another writer, Frederick Douglass, who is famous for his line I would unite with anybody to do right and with nobody to do wrong, wrote an article that is parallel to Staples article in the way that he talked ab out the way literacy influenced his life and his thinking.Douglass story, however, is quite different from that of Staples grandfather. In his story, he recounted that he learned how to read in secret with the fear of being beaten. cosmos born a slave, Douglass was passed on from one owner to another. The wife of one his owners taught him the alphabet even though she knew that there was a law against teaching slaves how to read. Her husband obviously disapproved about this when he found out. He believed that a slave who gains literacy will be unsatisfied with his condition and yearn for immunity.Even with the threat of being caught and beaten up, Douglass learned how to read with the help of the white children in the neighborhood. He also did his best to describe the way the order white men would write. His perspective changed after he has attained literacy. Douglas realized that bare men are not brutes or savages who should be limited to working as a slave, address of Author 3 they have the right to be educated and respected. As his master predicted, he yearned for the freedom that the white people have. As he continues to learn how to read and write, Douglass attitude to life is gradually transform by literacy.Douglass mentions in the article I read them over and over again with unabated interest. They give tongue to interesting thought of my own soul. The moral which I gained from the dialogue was the power of right over the conscience of even a slaveholder. (p. 45) By learning how to read and write, Douglass learned not all the meaning of words and sentences, but the power of knowledge. He slowly became aware of his rights as a military man being and how unfairly the murky people have been treated. He also realized that illiteracy is the modestness why the white people were able to enslave his race for so long.Not unaccompanied did illiteracy keep them unaware of their rights, it also made them unable to think for themselves, to distinguish f rom right and wrong, what is harmful and what is not. It also stopped them from acquiring the knowledge that they need to pursue their freedom. Hence, they were influenced by the white people to believe that their only purpose in life was to work for them. With his newfound knowledge, he was able to change his life and gain his freedom. At the same time, having appreciated the value of literacy, he passed on the knowledge to other slaves, giving them the chance to change their own lives.In Kozols article, he focuses on how illiteracy can threaten a persons way of life and thinking. He believes that one will never really have ability to protect himself if he is illiterate because he is always unaware of whats going on. He cant read the strange signs on the street that warns him of danger or tells him that he is intermission the law. Neither can he read legal documents, making him vulnerable to being swindled. He is also unaware of his rights. Kozol call in of Author 4 says, The y do not know what rights they have, what deadlines and requirements they face, what option they might select to exercise.They are half-citizens. Their right exist I print but not in fact. (52-53) They cannot protect their own rights since they dont know what their rights are. Neither can they apply their rights or make a excerpt because they do not know what their options are. The same points were tackled by Douglas in his article when he said that black people were treated like slaves because they were not literate and were not given the chance to know that they do not have to limit themselves to much(prenominal) a status. They just thought that would go through this nightmare for the rest of their lives because no one could save them.What they didnt know was they couldve saved themselves had they known that they had rights to fight for. If they had been literate, they would have realized that they are not slaves and they have right to be educated and respected because they ar e humans. Illiteracy, however, has exiled them to such an nightmarish existence where their destiny is dictated by their masters. Now literacy still plays the most important role in society. If you are not able to read and write, it would be really hard for you to live. You wouldnt know how to deal with a lot of things.You wouldnt know what is right or wrong, what would benefit you and what would harm you. Because of the numerous things that you do not know, your lack of knowledge can bring you harm. At the same time, your lack of knowledge, lettuce you from having your own beliefs or opinions. And, since you have know access to the options you can choose from, you end up accept that there are none and the only thing you can do is follow what the other people are doing or to have the same opinion as they do. Without literacy, all the people can do is follow and obey, allowing other people to take charge of their own lives.If a country is filled with illiterate people consequently democracy is useless since the mindless majority can be controlled by the Name of Author 5- government and the votes of those who are literate and have their own minds can be surpassed by those who arent. If that is the case, then the government can become a dictator in the guise of democracy. Hence, it is safe to say that without the movement of literacy, there is no knowledge. Without knowledge, there are no choices. And, without knowledge, there is no freedom which is the very amount of money of democracy.