Germination experiment Essay Example for Free

Germination experiment Essay Method: 1. Put some soil in every beaker and make sure it is almost the same amount 2. Place 5 beans inside each beaker at the same level beneath the soil 3. Pour 10, 20, 30, 40 and 50 ml of water in each beaker respectively and keep watering them every 2 days 4. Leave the beakers close to a good light source 5. After a week record the length of the stem of the plants in each beaker Variables: 1. Dependant: Height and growth of the plants 2. Independent: Amount of water 3. Controlled: Where the beakers are placed, amount of soil, amount of seeds, type of seeds, how often the plats are watered (Initially it was decided that the amount of water we would use would be 50, 100, 150, 200 and 250 ml but we decided to lower the amount of water so that the plants wouldn’t drown) Results: amount of water (ml) Length of plants (cm) average length (cm) Â   Conclusion: The first thing we can see from the results is a boundary in the amount of water in relation with the beaker size and the amount of soil. In the table we can see that after the 20ml of water the seeds drowned and so they didn’t grew at all. But if we take in comparison the length of the plants in the beaker with 20ml with the one with 10ml we can see that with more water the germination takes place faster. For example in the results table we have the average growth of the plant of about 10. 5 cm and in the 20ml an average growth of 17. 8, so evidently we can say that the hight the amount of water, the faster the seeds will germinate and the higher they will grow. Evaluation: I think that in general this experiment was carried out fairly in terms of the type of seed, thay were kept in a well lit place, all the beakers had the same soil and the same amount of it, etc. The problem was that the plants were drowned so we couldn’t get a good set of results, so if he experiment had to be carried out again I would set a limit of water to allow the plants to actualy germinate.

Symbolic Interactionism Blumer

Symbolic Interactionism Blumer The essence of society lies in an ongoing process of action- not in a posited structure of relations -Blumer, 1969,(p.71) Although symbolic interaction theory is often applied primarily to the micro level, the structuring of interdependent lines of behavior at the meso and macro levels also involves shared definitions developed through interaction. The overall culture of a society is the objective outcome of these shared social definitions whereby subjective meanings are created, often expressed in material artifacts of various types, and either sustained or transformed through interaction. Symbolic Interaction-Process Versus Structure Many of the core ideas of symbolic interaction theory are grounded in the pioneering work of George Herbert Mead, particularly his perspective regarding the close relationship between the mental processes whereby people make sense of their environment and their interaction with one another. This relationship is manifested in the patterns of collaboration among people as they seek to develop shared interpretations of the situations they face. It is also reflected in how ones self-concept develops through awareness of the perspectives of others. In addition, contemporary symbolic interaction theory draws on Charles Horton Cooleys analysis of how ones feelings about oneself (pride or shame, for example) reflect ones sensitivity to the positive or negative reactions of others, especially in primary group settings. This is consistent with his often-cited concept of the looking-glass self. Symbolic interaction theory is comparable in some ways to Georg Simmels focus on the forms of interaction, but symbolic interaction theory goes deeper than Simmels perspective in emphasizing the symbolic medium through which interaction takes place plus the subjective mental processes that accompany it. This focus on the subjective level may be compared to Webers emphasis on understanding the subjective meanings of individuals actions. But while Weber moved well beyond the level of individual actions and subjective meanings to deal with broad patterns of institutional and cultural change, many symbolic interactionists resemble Simmel in their strong micro-level focus. Human beings relate to one another and to their environment in terms of interdependent roles they create and sustain. At the center of this process are the self-concepts or identities of the individuals involved as they interact and adjust to one another in face-to-face encounters. Human beings are thus transformed into students and teachers, friends and lovers, husbands and wives, team players and college graduates, customers and sales people, celebrities and deviants, soldiers and social workers, lawyers and police officers, members and outsiders, and so on. Social definitions are crucial even for defining the meaning and social relevance of human beings biological characteristics, such as sex, age, and weight, for example. The socially contrived character of large-scale institutional structures may not be as obvious as in small group relationships or childrens micro-level play worlds, but macro level social institutions are also socially constructed through widely shared subjectiv e definitions that are developed and sustained through interaction. This implies that when subjective definitions and interpretations undergo widespread change, institutional transformation may occur, which then changes the context of subsequent interactions at the micro level. The divisions between micro, meso, and macro levels of analysis are not rigid distinctions. From r various micro-level social circles, networks of social relations extend outward, thus providing an opening to meso and macro levels of the social world. The heritage one share as members of society also includes enduring cultural products and artifacts that have been constructed or reproduced by countless other people far beyond the range of ones own limited social circles or personal knowledge. Language obviously transcends personal micro-level social settings, even though language is actually reproduced regularly in the context of face-to-face interaction as well as in mass media communication. Even ones adaptation to the objective physical reality of the natural world (like the food one eats) is mediated through the symbols used to define and interpret it. All symbolic interactionists emphasize the micro-level linkages between the subjective consciousnesses, interpersonal interaction, and identity formation, as well as the symbolic and socially constructed nature of the larger social world. Symbolic interaction theory today differs from the pioneering social behaviorism emphasized by Mead in the early part of the twentieth century. Blumers Theorey: Symbolic interaction theory, under the influence of Herbert Blumer, was in large part a critical reaction to macro level types of analysis, particularly as reflected in functional theory, and the strong emphasis on the notion that peoples behavior is largely determined by social structures. For symbolic interaction theorists, the strong emphasis on culturally scripted norms and institutionalized roles was misplaced. This focus seemed to leave little room for individuals to make choices or to improvise as they interpret and adjust to the specific situations they face. For symbolic interactionists social structures do not exist as an objective reality that is independent of the actions of its human participants. Instead, all aspects of the social world are negotiated, constructed, and reproduced or sometimes transformed through ongoing processes of interaction and subjective interpretation whereby people mutually shape one anothers perceptions, definitions, and responses to their envir onment. Within this general framework, several different areas of emphasis can be identified within symbolic interaction theory. Symbolic interactionist perspective serves as a general framework for role theory, reference group theory, analyses of social perception and person perception, self theory, and dramaturgic theory. Of the various versions of symbolic interactionism, Herbert Blumers (1962) perspective expressed the strongest skepticism regarding macro-level theories such as functionalism. As he put it: By and large, of course, sociologists do not study human society in terms of its acting units, instead, they are disposed to view human society in terms of structure or organization and to treat social action as an expression of such structure or organization. Thus, reliance is placed on such structural categories as social system, culture, norms, values, social stratification, status position, social roles and institutional organization. (Blumer, pp.188-189 in Rose, ed. 1962) Blumer coined the term symbolic interaction and promoted Meads strong emphasis on the interrelated processes of mutual role-taking, interaction, and subjective interpretation that occur as people adjust their actions to one another in dealing with the particular situations they face. This emphasis on the need for people to improvise their responses to their environment and to one another seems to downplay the habits and memories that individuals bring to situations that they encounter over and over. It also seems to push the cultural and institutional framework that might influence their interpretations into the background. Even though social organization, culture, roles, and other structural features of the social world may not determine peoples behavior in a strong sense, such features may nevertheless be taken into consideration, especially in familiar situations. When people repeatedly face similar types of situations, they may employ ready-made responses with only a minimal amou nt of negotiation or reflection. This does not mean that social organization determines peoples behavior as an external force. It does suggest, however, that patterns of interaction and interpretation are not always as fluid as Blumer seems to suggest. People do indeed sometimes face novel situations that are unstructured and ambiguous and so will need to make a conscious effort to make sense of them as they explore with one another how to cope. In other situations, they may each have their own distinctive ideas on how to respond and so will need to negotiate their differences. But in many routine situations they already share an implicit understanding of its salient features and know how to respond. This means that very little negotiation is required if any. Regardless of these variations, patterns of social organization, including written rules and established authority or power structures, are never automatically self-enforcing. Instead, these structural factors become relevant only to the extent that people remember them and decide how to apply them. Sometimes there may be discussion and debate regarding whether or how an established rule or custom should apply. If there are large differences in power and authority, the negotia tion actually may be quite minimal, as those with relatively less power realize the futility of trying to get those with greater power to see things their way. By pushing social organization, culture, and similar concepts that transcend particular situations into the background, and by emphasizing the fluid and indeterminate nature of the immediate social world, Blumers approach makes it difficult to establish principles of social behavior that apply across different situations or to move from the micro to the macro level. However, other symbolic interaction theorists give more emphasis to stable structural categories than Blumer did. These structural influences do not determine behavior from the outside, as external or objective forces, however; instead, they are encoded in individuals subjective consciousness and shared memories and expectations. Although they may be interpreted to apply in unique ways in different situations, they are nevertheless reflected in participants predispositions regarding how to respond to the specific situations they face. The contrast between Blumers view of the fluid and undetermined nature of the social world versus a more structural version of symbolic interaction theory can be illustrated through the process whereby individuals self-concepts are developed, maintained, and changed. The relation between individuals self-concepts or identities, their social roles, and the reactions of others can be traced back to the pioneering work of Mead and Cooley. Contemporary symbolic interactionist theory offers several different strategies for exploring how individuals self-concepts or identities are expressed through the different roles they perform. The following section will deal in more detail with the relation between peoples role performances and their identities. Blumers image of the fluid and negotiated character of the social world implies that identities and social roles are not fixed but instead are largely improvised in each encounter as individuals seek to align their own self-concepts and intentions with the expectations of others. In contrast to Blumer, a more structural version of symbolic interaction theory puts greater emphasis on the standardized and routine expectations and behaviors of various roles. With this alternative focus social life is viewed as having a higher level of predictability than implied in Blumers perspective, especially in routine situations. Although behavior is not determined by social roles, with no room for individual variations, this structural version is closer to the conventional forms of sociological analysis that Blumer criticized. While roles may not be scripted in detail, there are definite guidelines and expectations that people tend to follow. Peoples self-concepts are multidimensional. They may r eflect roles associated with various personal characteristics as well as with the social positions they occupy. These roles include, for example, those associated with gender, age, family status, occupation, race or ethnicity, residential location, leisure time pursuits, general lifestyle preferences, and so on. Such roles are likely to be partially structured by general cultural expectations as well as by specific expectations that develop among people who interact on a regular basis. Even so, there is room for considerable improvisation in most cases as individuals express their own unique individuality and seek to satisfy their current needs and concerns. There are three fundamental premises underlying a symbolic interactionist perspective; and it is to Blumers great credit that these premises receive emphasis in his work. All are in fact central to Meads arguments, even while none of them originates with Mead. The first of these premises holds that an adequate account of human behavior must incorporate the perspective of the actor and cannot rest entirely on the perspective of the observer alone. The second of these premises asserts the priority of social interaction and the derivative, emergent nature of both self and social organization from that social process. The third argues that self, or persons reflexive responses to themselves, serves to link larger societal processes to the social interactions of those persons. The first and last of these premises contain between them the justification for insisting that socially formed meanings that are aspects of the subjective experience of persons are not only legitimately but are necessarily part of observers accounts of the social behavior of human beings. Contrary to Blumers position would be the emergent character of social life as well as ignoring the reality in experience of the dialectical relationship of what Mead called the I and the me. However, working from Blumers perspective on these matters does not require that one must retreat to phenomenologies of individual minds, or forgo attempts to develop theoretical explanations of social life that have some general applicability. If one accepts interaction as the source and substance of society, i.e., accepting the foundational character of the social process, it will surely be the acceptance of Blumers emphasis on the emergent character of self and social organization. This acceptance in turn implies the recognition of some degree of indeterminacy in attempts to foresee what will be from what is at any given moment of that social process. Further, such indeterminacy is principled and not merely a recognition of the incompleteness or inadequacy of present knowledge. The central role of self in mediating the relationship of social process and social behavior, one of the basic premises of symbolic interactionist thought whose emphasis in Blumers work need to be emphasized. Without invoking a concept such as self, attempts to come to grips with obvious variability of persons behavior in the face of apparent constancy of circumstance-biological, ecological, cultural, or social-are likely to founder similarly in a complementary way the concept of self permits dealing with that variability in specifically social terms. Meta-theoretical Conceptions of Blumer: The metatheoretical ideas proclaim the impossibility of general, predictive sociological theory as a consequence of the centrality of meanings and definitions in the production of human behavior. For Blumer, all social life is actively constructed by participants in the very process of interaction itself because this micro-constructivist process is taken to be descriptive of social life in general, it is also taken to be descriptive of the meanings and the interpretations applying those meanings assumed to be critical for each next step in the processes of interaction. Meanings in that sense are truly emergents, subject to literally continuous reformulation on a moment-to-moment basis. If meanings are indeed central, and if meanings are constructed in and particular to the experience of individual actors, emergent from their ongoing experience, it follows for Blumer that the generality required of the predictive, theoretical concepts in terms of which theoretical arguments are couche d cannot exist. Preexistent concepts cannot match the emergent interpretations of actors constructing their lines of social interaction. Given all of this, Blumer concludes, sociology can expect to be able to develop after-the-fact understandings of behaviors that have occurred, but cannot anticipate the development of general explanatory sociological theory in a predictive sense. Methodological consequences of Blumer: His metatheoretical argument has methodological consequences. For one thing, it implies the futility of a research enterprise that is initiated by a priori theory, or that anticipates behavioral outcomes via hypotheses arrived at deductively from such theory. For another, it suggests that research methods that fail to focus directly upon actors interpretations by setting up prior procedural or substantive constraints on how issues are formulated or are attacked-experimentation and survey research methods are cases in point-necessarily lack va1idity and the capacity to generate meaningful data. And for yet another, it underwrites the condemnation of the application of mathematical or statistical manipulations of data in efforts to draw from those data their sociological implications, on the grounds that numerical data are necessarily bereft of the meanings that define the essential character of sociological phenomena. Thus along with denying the possibility of explanatory sociological theory, Blumer severely restricts the legitimate range of investigatory (data gathering) techniques as well as analytic methods.Apparently, in his own mind only participatory observation meets his strictures but even that method would not survive a thorough logical analysis of its fit to Blumers methodological arguments. It is important to note that Blumers ideas which are fundamental to defining symbolic interactionism do not necessarily lead to the metatheoretical and methodological ends at which he himself arrives. Actors perspectives, the definitions of situations they call into play that are critical to the course and the content of interaction, are not unconstrained. Both the meanings those are possible to invoke in the course of defining situations, as well as the particular meanings from the range of possible meanings that are likely to be invoked, are not random events. They are, on the contrary, subject to the constraints of extant social and cultural systems. Further, there is some reasonable stability over time to the meanings attached to social objects. For practical purposes these do not change willy-nilly or from moment to moment in a way that signifies great change in behavioral outcomes. If there were no such stability, if meanings did not in general entail relative constancy from mo ment to moment, from day to day, even from year to year, there is no way that social life could have the predictability that enables people to live their lives as they do. The fact that meanings can change radically and precipitously does not argue that in general they do change radically and precipitously. This implies that one can indeed formulate general statements or theoretical propositions that go beyond the phenomenologies of single individuals, statements or propositions that are not subject to a priori rejection, whatever their fate may be at the hands of empirical evidence. To recognize that social life is constructed via definitional or interpretive processes and that there are few limits on what constructions are possible does not require one to abjure reasonably strong predictions, or to anticipate that predictions, when based on solid theoretical grounds, will lack credibility or validity. Neither does it obviate the recognition that the social process sometimes, perhaps even frequently, crystallizes and stabilizes in a manner that permits the theoretical recognition of selves and social structures that they themselves operate to constrai n and limit the possibilities for emergence in social life, that operate to transform possibilities into probabilities. Substantive ideas in Blumer: In substantive terms, it is Blumers treatment or lack thereof of social organization and social structure are both nonessential and highly problematic. For Blumer, society consists of the congeries of lines of individual action, the fitting together of these lines. Individual action is a matter of persons guiding their own action by interpreting the significance of things for that prospective action; group action is a matter of aligning individual action through a process of role-taking, i.e., searching out the meaning of others acts by ascertaining what they are doing or intend to do (Blumer 1969, p. 8). Social organization and social structures enter action only by shaping situations and providing the symbols used in interpreting situations, only as they enter into the process of interpretation and definition out of which joint actions are formed; and, in any event, they are less important in modern society than in stabilized, settled societies precisely because in the former there are fewer situations calling for previously regularized and standardized actions. Conclusion There obviously exist a number of very different senses of what symbolic interaction is substantively and what it implies methodologically. The problem is not that these different senses exist; the problem rather lies in the artificial and unnecessary oppositions among them created by the polemics that have historically characterized the literature of symbolic interactionism-the polemics of social movements and embattled minorities, the polemics that define orthodoxies and heterodoxies in seeking to recruit adherents to the banner being waved by the pure. The fact of multiplicity of alternative viewpoints in itself is healthy: self-control, choice, freedom and various other good things spring from alternatives symbolically represented in human experience. But multiplicity of views can be unhealthy if there is no communication across differences, if either structural or cognitive barriers prevent the alternatives from in fact entering the experience of persons, for then each person be comes the prisoner of his or her preferred -perspective. One is then used by perspectives rather than using them and the perspectives themselves are likely to ossify, to become unquestioned Truths and not potentially fallible ideas subject to logical and empirical examination and reformulation.

Source Of Mechanical Energy Engineering Essay

Source Of Mechanical Energy Engineering Essay Introduction Electricity is a basic part of nature and it is one of our most widely used forms of energy. It is a secondary energy source that we get it from the conversion of other sources of energy, like coal, natural gas, oil, nuclear power and other natural sources, which are called primary sources. Many cities and towns were built alongside waterfalls (a primary source of mechanical energy) that turned water wheels to perform work. Electricity consists of the presence of electric charges, as well as the flow of those charges. There are three forms of electricity. One form is static electricity, which is the presence of either positive (+) or negative (à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬â„¢) electric charges in or on an object, usually a non-conducting material. The second form of electricity is the flow or movement of free electrons through a conducting material, such as a metal wire, toward an area of positive electric charges Electricity appears in two forms: alternating current (AC) and direct current (DC). Direct current does not change directions the electron flow is always from the negative pole to the positive pole although as we mentioned before, the electrons themselves dont really move, its the holes that are created that move. Direct current is almost always what is used inside of electronic devices to power the various internal components, but it is a harmful thing in audio signals, which are alternating current. Alternating current (AC) electricity is the type of electricity commonly used in homes and businesses throughout the world. While direct current (DC) electricity flows in one direction through a wire, AC electricity alternates its direction in a back-and-forth motion. The direction alternates between 50 and 60 times per second, depending on the electrical system of the country. AC electricity is created by an AC electric generator, which determines the frequency. What is special about AC electricity is that the voltage can be readily changed, thus making it more suitable for long-distance transmission than DC electricity. But also, AC can employ capacitors and inductors in electronic circuitry, allowing for a wide range of applications. Direct current or DC electricity is the continuous movement of electrons from an area of negative (à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬â„¢) charges to an area of positive (+) charges through a conducting material such as a metal wire. Whereas static electricity sparks consist of the sudden movement of electrons from a negative to positive surface, DC electricity is the continuous movement of the electrons through a wire. A DC circuit is necessary to allow the current or steam of electrons to flow. Such a circuit consists of a source of electrical energy (such as a battery) and a conducting wire running from the positive end of the source to the negative terminal. Electrical devices may be included in the circuit. DC electricity in a circuit consists of voltage, current and resistance. The flow of DC electricity is similar to the flow of water through a hose. Electrical Wiring Electrical wiring system is a network of electrical conductors for carrying electrical current to the electrical equipment involved. This method is related to the wiring system for buildings in Malaysia. In Malaysia, the electric wiring system is subject to the rules established by the Energy Commission as provided under the Electricity Supply Act 1990, Electricity Regulations 1994, the MS IEC 60364:2003 Standard Electrical Installations of Building, MS 1936:2006 Electrical Installations of Building Guide To MS IEC 60364 and the MS 1979:2007 Electrical Installation of Building Code of Practice. Wiring systems used in Malaysia is very similar to the electrical wiring standards used by the United Kingdom but by the standards of the wire conductor already changed. NEW TOWN DEVELOPMENT SDN BHD PROJECT The high-rise building electrical system For The New Town Development Sdn Bhd project, this building was a high-rise commercial building. The building comprises of 4 storey basement parking and 7 storey shopping complex and the rest are offices lot. So, for the electrical installation should at every floor there were a number of electrical panels to serve all the lighting and power requirements on that floor including the lighting, switched socket outlets, toilet exhaust fans and anything else. Some areas of the office used an open floor office systems so under floor trunking was also used here. Besides, a few of the panel were located inside the riser room of each floor. However, since each was a large area some panels needed to be located at the office area. Wiring directly from the electrical riser would be unnecessarily too long. Therefore, the electrical consultant locates these electrical panels along the corridors throughout the building. The design architect was requested to provide small rooms to house the panel. Alternatively, small electrical cabinets with lockable doors and sufficient work access and ventilation would be acceptable. If the planned building is very high example like 40 storey office building or in cases where heavy loads are located at higher levels of the building, it may be necessary to provide substations at the higher levels of the building. For the 40-storey office building, an 11/415 kV substation may be necessary at one of the upper floor. It may be located at twentieth floor, for example. All the electrical substation room spaces as explained earlier will then need to be provided except the authoritys electrical rooms. The floors of this substation would then need to be specifically designed by the appointed structural consultants to handle the loads of all the substation equipment. Based on the structures and other factors was related. We propose the installation of electricity for this building using the radial system and ring main system. Because its easier to maintain and simple system for the design and construction. In addition, using the rising main distribution system is important because the building is more than 5 levels. So, to distribute electric power at every level is appropriate to use the rising main for the building. Basement A basement is one or more floors of a building that are either completely or partially below the ground floor. Basements are typically used as a utility space for a building where such items as the furnace, water heater, breaker panel or fuse box, car park, and air-conditioning system are located; so also are amenities such as the electrical distribution system, and cable television distribution point. In British English the word basement is used for underground floors of, for example, department stores but is used for a space below the ground floor of a house only when it is habitable, with windows and (usually) its own access. The word cellar is used to apply to any such large underground room. Subcellar is a cellar that lies further underneath. Based on the planned building project, the level of 1st to 4th is the basement. In part this is a car park. Therefore, we recommend the installation of electricity in the area using ring system. Ring system is ideal because in this part do not use electrical appliances and many others. Basement car parks.jpg Basement pendlehill1.jpg Basement Ring Main System in Basement A ring main wiring circuit is the alternative to a radial wiring circuit. In a radial wiring circuit, the wiring starts at the circuit breaker and connects to each device on the circuit (fans, outlets, lamps, etc) in turn. When it reaches the last device, the wiring simply ends. Ring main wiring goes one step further instead of ending the wiring at the last device; it pulls more wiring back from the last device to the circuit breaker, completing a loop. Ring main wiring is required in some places, and illegal in others. The main advantage to a ring main system is smaller wiring. Since each device on the ring has two hot wires connecting it to the circuit breaker (one on each side of the loop), smaller wiring can be used to safely carry the electric current. Smaller wire is both cheaper and easier to work with. It bends more easily, can be pulled around corners with less effort, and is easier to fit into the screws and connectors you need to attach it to. One other advantage is wiring distance. Wire has some small amount of resistance, and the longer the wire goes to reach the device it is powering, the more resistance it has. This results in a voltage drop over the length of the wire run (by Ohms Law), which could affect the operation of your electrical devices if it drops too low. The maximum distance from the circuit breaker around the ring is the midpoint of the ring, while the maximum distance in a radial circuit is the end of the chain. In this manner, the ring setup effectively cuts the distance to the farthest device in half. The radial system does have one advantage over ring main. If a break were to occur somewhere in the wiring loop of a ring main system, you wouldnt know it. Everything would still function normally because it is still powered from one end. However, this means that if you took advantage of the ability to run smaller wiring (and everyone does), your wire is now undersized for the current it is expected to handle because the system is no longer powered from two wires, only one. This can result in overheating of the wires, which in turn breaks down the insulation and can start a fire. In electricity supply, a ring final circuit or ring circuit (informally also ring main or just ring) is an electrical wiring technique developed and primarily used in the United Kingdom that provides two independent conductors for live, neutral and protective earth (ground) within a building for each connected load or socket. 557px-Ring_circuit.svg.png ring distribution Ring Main Distribution Size of cable used to ring system is 2.5 mm2. Installation Rules of Ring System at basement Rules for ring circuits say that the cable rating must be no less than two thirds of the rating of the protective device. This means that the risk of sustained overloading of the cable can be considered minimal. In practice, however, it is extremely uncommon to encounter a ring with a protective device other than a 30 A fuse, 30 A breaker, or 32 A breaker, and a cable size other than those mentioned above. The IEE Wiring Regulations (BS 7671) permit an unlimited number of socket outlets to be installed on a ring circuit, provided that the floor area served does not exceed 100 m2. In practice, most small and medium houses have one ring circuit per storey, but for this building should having more. An installation designer may determine by experience and calculation whether additional circuits are required for areas of high demand; for example, it is common practice to put kitchens on their own ring circuit or sometimes a ring circuit shared with a utility room to avoid putting a heavy load at one point on the main downstairs ring circuit. A heavy concentration of load close together on a ring circuit can cause minor overloading of one of the cables if near the end of the ring, so kitchens should not be wired at one end of a ring circuit. Unfused spurs from a ring wired in the same cable as the ring are allowed to run one single or double socket (the use of two singles was previously allowed but was banned because of people replacing them with doubles) or one fused connection unit (FCU). Spurs may either start from a socket or be joined to the ring cable with a junction box or other approved method of joining cables. Triple and larger sockets are generally fused and therefore can also be placed on a spur. It is not permitted to have more spurs than sockets on the ring, and it is considered bad practice by most electricians to have spurs in a new installation (some think they are bad practice in all cases).Where loads other than BS 1363 sockets are connected to a ring circuit or it is desired to place more than one socket for low power equipment on a spur, a BS 1363 fused connection unit (FCU) is used. In the case of fixed appliances this will be a switched fused connection unit (SFCU) to provide a point of isolation for the appliance, but in other cases such as feeding multiple lighting points (putting lighting on a ring through is generally considered bad practice in new installation but is often done when adding lights to an existing property) or multiple sockets, an unswitched one is often preferable. Shopping Complex Based on commercial building a project was planned by the New Town Development Sdn Bhd. A 40 storey high building will put the shopping complex of seven stories are starting at level 5th to 11th. Thus, the electrical installation for this we propose to use a radial system. We feel the radial system is suitable for shopping complex. Because there are a lot of use of electrical appliances such as lights, air conditioners and so on. In addition, the radial system is easy to designed, built and maintained. Shopping Complex at level 5th Shopping Complex at level 5th 8th Offices In this building project, a total of 29 levels will be provided for offices start from level 12th to 40th. Based on this, we agreed to use the same method of electrical installations such as shopping complexes, namely the radial system. This method is ideal because it is easy to maintain. In addition, if there is damage to the wire. It is easily known and easily repaired than the ring system. Office Radial System in Shopping Complex and Offices The radial system is widely used, economical systems often found in low-load density areas. To reduce the duration of interruption, overhead feeders can be protected by automatic reclosing devices located at the substation or at various locations on the feeder. This device reenergizes the feeder if the fault is temporary. To further reduce the duration and extent of customer interruptions, sectionalizing fuses are installed on branches of radial feeders allowing unaffected portions of a feeder to remain in service. Radial distribution systems are the simplest systems to plan, construct, and maintain, but are also the least reliable because of the radial nature of the design being served from a single source at a time. If any part of the system experiences a failure, some or all of the customers served by the radial feeder will be without power until a repair is completed. Straightforward design, lower cost, and decent reliability are the distinguishing characteristics of the RDS. An auto-loop distribution system is a special type of radial distribution system and is differentiated by having two feeders that tie to a customer load. The auto-loop system automatically senses the loss of one source of voltage and quickly and automatically switches the load to the second feeder. This type of system adds reliability benefits by keeping outages to a few seconds (or less) but the added cost of having two sets of utility equipment at one location, could be as high as hundreds of thousands of dollars for each installation. radial distribution Radial System Radial system distribution Size of cable commonly used for circuit radius is 4 mm2 Rising Main Distribution for commercial building For multi-storey buildings such as this are ideal to use the rising system. This is because, to ensure that each level of the building is fully supplied with electricity from renewable sources of electricity. A riser is a feeding cable or pipe giving supply to upper floors of a multi-storey building (high rise building). The above picture shows a typical installation of bus duct rising mains in the riser room at individual floor of a high rise building (The Bus duct was taken in the riser room at one of the upper floors of a high rise building). Most of the major components of a bus duct riser system. In electrical works, a riser is a set of cables the supply the upper floors. The feeding cables rise up straight to the top floor. Then at each floor a tap-off unit is connected so electricity can be supplied to that floor (for this project, we propose the radial distribution system). An alternative is to run one individual set of cables to each floor. Then there would be many cables that need to be installed the number of which is directly proportional to the number of upper floors. There are actually three risers, first one is the normal main electricity supply. This supply is just the normal authority supply like the one you have in your house. The 100A tap off unit is for this riser. The second tap off, which is one of the 60A units, is what is called essential supply, or emergency supply. It is a normal authority supply like the one you have from the 100A tap off unit above. However, it is also backed by a standby diesel generator. This means that if the electricity supply from the authority distribution network fails due to problem with their underground distribution cables or whatever, the standby electric generator would kick in and switch in the locally generated electricity to this electrical riser. Large capacity electric generators are expensive. Therefore, it is not economical to supply all electricity needs in the building from this generator. That is why separate electrical risers are used, and the normal riser is not backed by the generator supply. The third tap off unit (the second 60A unit) is for the air conditioning system. It is quite common (and is considered a better design) to have a separate feeder cable for the air conditioning and mechanical ventilation (ACMV) system in a large building. That is the reason for the third electrical riser here. rising main detail Rising Main Distribution Rising main distribution is use to distribute 415v 3-phase electricity from main distribution board to all floors. The copper vertical bus bars which run up in electricity cable riser. The vertical duct or trunking to the height of the building. To prevent the spread of fire and smoke, fire barriers are incorporated with the bus bar chamber at each compartment floor level. One more point to note here is that some office buildings use the generator-backed supply example like essential supply to feed the electrical riser for the air-conditioning system. With this arrangement, ACMV equipment that need to continue operating even during the mains failure do not need to be connected to ESSENTIAL supply riser, which is why it is given a separate riser in the first place. Observe the large flexible conduits coming out from the bottom of the tap off units and connect to the orange-colored electrical trunking. Some installations use rigid metal trunking for this purpose. Cables are run from a tap off unit into the flexible conduit to go to the orange metal trunking. They run inside the trunking to connect to the respective sub-switchboard. The switchboard for the air conditioning system is normally located inside the AHU room of that particular floor. From the sub-switchboards, separate outgoing cables are run inside the trunking to connect to separate distribution boards (DB) on that particular floor. Even though electrical installations at hospitals are relatively much more complex than the office building above, the installation at their hostel and staff quarters buildings are usually very simple. https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgQQrzq5hMGuML6xw5JrcjGdfq7ikPb6l753meZroPusz27pMi3XHrSumwCwshUOtetAu3XynyiA4q71JBssGKmtgK8ZByO5d7tw2RC3WFY3MUhbPh8zMC6017GPk8shmQe7WaJvcJq6lm5/s320/Floor+Sub-switchboard+Picture.JPG Typical bus duct rising main at individual building floors https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh2Mqdd567ycaozCHmELaS7OdJYOu6yeRYyPpprfcQKN7tywV6MjNdfRKXN9_o4eAWeH4RERGj4fSm2VsQ9SCCRpMTnQfY7FmQjkiKB-YIdGjUMvmnT_523nJr9ZsiCv5IdGcIsTmxttgO9/s320/Electrical+Busduct+Riser+Picture.jpg The electrical riser room Basically, there only two new components at each riser, which is the Termination Box (Feed In Box) and the incoming cables that terminate into the termination box. The generator-backed Essential supply cables need to have red colored insulation. It is because this supply is part of the fire emergency system of the building. A fire-rated cable must be able to continue operating for a certain number of hours during fire before it fails. This is the requirement. It used to be MICC (mineral insulated copper cables) cables that play this role, but now people use mostly the fire-rated cables for this purpose except in very special installation condition. The fire-rated cables are cheaper, easy to install and maintain. The black-colored cables are from the Normal supply. That means the other ends of the cables are connected to the Normal Supply main switchboard. While the red cables are connected to the Essential Supply main switchboard. Which means the Essential Supply main switchboard is the one that is backed by the standby electric generator. https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiEJBH4gaKt1YFS_-WOce8_-bJ6jJ3iBt6UbH3dZa-GLWdSZTYM71iAhMqJ2xYorOusI4Nsuj1bplT7PYjdIrd-qQxJC59vcXyWfvlK5Zeo6fPWc2HysdHnU2lobRv-G4QFblgmpGWxX7ER/s320/Busbar+Trunking+Picture.jpg The bus duct risers at riser room https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgIEBi5s2dBP_Ir2UApJQiJkXIx7y-3JoXVERzulVOTC3QddQ8RRgeq1mD2QvMGjQzWq4uU7nUM46-tC7gxWRHH0_ElCOB49Ikvvbw5aMI-arUtSKgDlS0amBLR4uDgyyW_VVSqj8VoLnFM/s320/60+A+TPN+Tap+Off+Unit+Image.jpg The front view of one of the 60A TPN tap off units https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiT39uNhqavjrdEIAycHgr42TFAwzv9l2ay9vOQhfZiehwT5FsI9zgRu1m_EEYVOF81TnG50TMq-KC07pobYD4AACQUo-3r_4egLY3d9Ya1pwHKaJEbsEFNakCIuNb_lEI0PHlt33s1_6o0/s320/Busduct+Conductors+Arrangement+Image.JPG A closer view of the vertical bus duct showing the arrangement of the conductors inside Cables and busways A busbar trunking system comprises a set of conductors protected by an enclosure. Used for the transmission and distribution of electrical power, busbar trunking systems have all the necessary features for fitting: connectors, straights, angles, fixings, etc. The tap-off points placed at regular intervals make power available at every point in the installation. A busbar trunking is placed at the offices. http://www.electrical-installation.org/w/images/c/c9/FigE37.jpg Busbar trunking system design for distribution of currents from 25 to 4000A. The various types of busbar trunking Busbar trunking systems are present at every level in electrical distribution: from the link between the transformer and the low voltage switch switchboard (MLVS) to the distribution of power sockets and lighting to offices, or power distribution to workshops. http://www.electrical-installation.org/w/images/3/32/FigE38.jpg Radial distribution using busways at the offices There are essentially three categories of busways that we proposed for the commercial building, that is; 1) Transformer to MLVS busbar trunking Installation of the busway may be considered as permanent and will most likely never be modified. There are no tap-off points. Frequently used for short runs, it is almost always used for ratings above 1,600 /2,000 A, i.e. when the use of parallel cables makes installation impossible. Busways are also used between the MLVS and downstream distribution switchboards. The characteristics of main-distribution busways authorize operational currents from1,000 to 5,000 A and short-circuit withstands up to 150 kA. 2) Sub-distribution busbar trunking with low or high tap-off densities Downstream of main-distribution busbar trunking, two types of applications must be supplied: Mid-sized premises (industrial workshops with injection presses and metalwork machines or large supermarkets with heavy loads). The short-circuit and current levels can be fairly high (respectively 20 to 70 kA and 100 to 1,000 A). Small sites (workshops with machine-tools, textile factories with small machines,supermarkets with small loads). The short-circuit and current levels are lower (respectively 10 to 40 kA and 40 to 400 A). Sub-distribution using busbar trunking meets user needs in terms of: Modifications and upgrades given the high number of tap-off points Dependability and continuity of service because tap-off units can be connected under energized conditions in complete safety The sub-distribution concept is also valid for vertical distribution in the form of 100 to 5,000 A risers in tall buildings. 3) Lighting distribution busbar trunking Lighting circuits can be distributed using two types of busbar trunking according to whether the lighting fixtures are suspended from the busbar trunking or not. Busbar trunking designed for the suspension of lighting fixtures These busways supply and support light fixtures (industrial reflectors, discharge lamps, etc.). They are used in supermarkets, department stores and warehouses. The busbar trunkings are very rigid and are designed for one or two 25 A or 40 A circuits. They have tap-off outlets every 0.5 to 1 m. Busbar trunking not designed for the suspension of lighting fixtures Similar to prefabricated cable systems, these busways are used to supply all types of lighting fixtures secured to the building structure. They are used in commercial buildings (offices, shops, restaurants and etc.), especially in false ceilings. The busbar trunking is flexible and designed for one 20 A circuit. It has tap-off outlets every 1.2 m to 3 m. Busbar trunking systems are suited to the requirements of a large number of buildings. Industrial buildings: garages, workshops, farm buildings, logistic centers, etc. Commercial areas: stores, shopping malls, supermarkets, hotels, etc. Tertiary buildings: offices, schools, hospitals, sports rooms, cruise liners, etc. Examples of Canalis busbar trunking systems http://www.electrical-installation.org/w/images/3/39/FigE40.jpg Flexible busbar trunking not capable of supporting light fittings  : Canalis KDP (20 A) http://www.electrical-installation.org/w/images/5/5c/FigE41.jpg Rigid busbar trunking able to support light fittings  : Canalis KBA or KBB (25 and 40 A) http://www.electrical-installation.org/w/images/b/b3/FigE42.jpg Lighting duct  : Canalis KBX (25 A) http://www.electrical-installation.org/w/images/a/a5/FigE43.jpg A busway for medium power distribution: Canalis KN (40 up to 160 A) http://www.electrical-installation.org/w/images/5/52/FigE44.jpg A busway for medium power distribution: Canalis KS (100 up to 1000A) http://www.electrical-installation.org/w/images/4/47/FigE45.jpg A busway for high power distribution: Canalis KT (800 up to 1000 A) Trunking and Conduit System in Commercial Building https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjI_pbEBLYIMQNymi8Lo32j9AzBIiN19OgLKzWkpmNqQiBi-qFF12mnP8xEbb8A8g7S5BdY8aTaljFREKWUG2pwpSMt8-Cvv-_kbwlKUlgnDBjPTYzMXXduZTuOEZ5iZ97yhdF20JMhWszu/s320/Mechanical+and+Electrical+Coordination+Picture.jpg Conduit and trunking This picture shows how the electrical conduit and trunking installation should be coordinated with water pipes on the building. Trade subcontractors (water piping sub-contractors, electrical sub-contractors, telephone cabling contractor, computer network contractor and others) must not be allowed to proceed with the installation of their individual services and equipment on the first come, first served basis. Prior to the commencement of the installation works by trade sub-contractors, a set of proper coordinated drawings, endorsed by all relevant parties, should be made available to all the sub-contractors involved in a particular area. https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhat1s04X2EbpulJ80iLqx0Vrecn-771IhhgMh3A4g1R0iqhEwcqUFSCWW5b8sxYEgzUSA786FMMApPN7GG1LFrxeWMaofBEt8G8FFmGOSb_xbE45620h8y-Sp84VA1BadupKMXAB5T9Lff/s320/Below+Slab+Trunking+Installation+Photo.jpg Electric trunking running below soffit of a concrete floor slab There is no electrical installation work of a significant size can be done properly without the use of an electric trunking. A trunking is a larger size of a conduit. When you need to run a number of electric conduits along each other for a significant distance, then consider using a trunking in place of the conduits. There are so many sizes you can choose from. The above picture is an example of a trunking installation above ceiling level, under the soffit of the concrete floor slab. we also labeled some of the other services there for the benefit of those non-electrical readers who need pictures like this for reference, to know what is what among the myriads of pipes, conduits and trunking running above the ceiling level. https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi44Wuyz5iFOUDZzlWGPiUUeu6D5uity8Gw9HLHT6sPjxUtbIDWQjxgfATFTh-YxpUjnfwLewFeIZpn00yTCvez5Ibytr8lmp6rYQtmQ4JnqVz9Rr7feoFim4KN49i0V9r-oMU9vJr2gWXu/s320/Wiring+Trunking+Picture.jpg Electrical trunking in and out of the electric panels There are electrical trunking connecting the panels at above and below the panels. But the box-up walls have hid them. This picture is metal trunking. In future, the maintenance electrician would need to access and open the cover of the trunking in the repair and upgrading works. Therefore, a means of access is required, which was not provided at all at the mock-up unit. https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh3VPuHFZiZqYOsUvdzwiKiXv514WBuENSJ_N_yW__pLY6ytJqE0Wq98kITvQHbNbBqxLz4II4WgC5Oj0cXzn04if-56AARhUxzzpZ9iqVNZFJiO0hQiT0l7LSq9gy3MX2-7V55a0SXsQKT/s320/Underfloor+Trunking+Installation+Photo.jpg Under floor trunking installation The under floor trunking system has been around for a long time. An under floor trunking system is an alternative way of providing the dedicated routes to run electrical cables, telephone cables or any other wiring cables. An 11KV cable is not a wiring cable. A 25 sq.mm electrical feeder cable to supply an 11 KW fire pump panel is not a wiring cable. The 1.5 sq.mm cables that are used for wiring the office lights are categorized wiring cables. https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhuhm49AiUWQJeJQgF2hKnboPa38nlLaPALbfeeXR6X1Nju4WAdwUHFjmxpULBVYzAwXHgH9nwwWObfYXPxTHPwjxujHw4AqXXffPCum9qkeMkM1Mwy5GYhbUzAo3l92oZfYN3TFIYZ9-t9/s320/Surface+Conduit+Installation+Picture.jpg Surface conduits The conduits are used to protect the wiring cables that carry the electrical current. Electricity is dangerous. Even though the electric conductors that carry the current is insulated by some PVC covering materials or whatever, the covering material is not strong enough to protect the cable from damage. When the covering is damaged, the electrical conductor inside may be exposed to touch or it can also unintentionally come into contact with things that can carry electric current. This scenario would present a high risk of electric shocks. Therefore, we protect the electric cables so that they do not present the dangers of electric shocks to people (or animals). A second reason to protect the cables is to make sure the electrical system stays reliable. When the cable PVC covering is damaged, the conducting metal can come into contact with other metals that are in contact with earth. https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj2ufJv_O1qS2Qr9fsj9krVvGTlx4rMYWW1WlF78YEi2dwEhPZXD4Nm0Z5HlINEeFbkEnxg6YXYwBvECok8ncQhGeU5yhm_HR1rER7KDgXCc0Wg1XqerzWNw2b8nnNEi8NO2ndq-1oE_GU5/s320/Overhead+Projector+Installation+Picture.jpg A motorized overhead projector The electrical contractor produced a mock-up unit of the installation bracket for motorized overhead projector. The overhead projector was for meeting rooms (offices level). There were about thirty units to be installed through the building. https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgLqFeA3aDkc1P9946Wgr1wTZTgpxBqucIyhefdTLnulPJ0e7RulgPArFdx1Qs81pX6W8eKxsGIrcDLxOdliH_vdouWlvU5BJyTVqm73yuQ6AMflUpERTlFkLF9AIEjSEHwVN70w7gsd6K1/s320/Feeder+pillar+picture.jpg Compound lighting feeder pillar A building construction of significant size is usually not complete without at least one small outdoor weatherproof feeder pillar. High rise building electric closets https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi9SL5bNLxBS78YWE49rUe5Bt4i3H_o85YnEok2xeOXjt0UeLHu32qQmRPgHCCCmZmHANX05CrUQsbnDD4xSyWKfws3opLalEQT1_JpH7h6X47ymTfzZZcBHtxwgRuc0L38kHMsbbWuyQ0y/s320/Electric+Closet+Picture.jpg Electric closet The electric closet in the following pictures has been done for a multi storey bui

The Nature and Variety of Late Classical and Early Hellenistic Greek St

13. Megalopolitans: The people from Megalopolis in Arcadia in the western Peloponnese. It was in the Achaean League during the time being described. It would have been considered a Polis and as such would not have been seen as just a single entity or brain, rather [The Greeks] ‘saw the relationship between the individual and the state as organic’ (Green, 1993). The nature and variety of late classical and early Hellenistic Greek states were unique. Not one appeared to be the same as any other. One system favoured democracy (Athens), another may favour a diarchy (Sparta) and others may be led by a tyrant. However A polis at this time did not just have to be a big city. A small village on a mountainside could be considered as a polis because it was led by a body of citizens. Poleis arguably started to decline during the Hellenistic period when they relied more and more on benefactors who would contribute wealth to a city in exchange for political power. A polis in Ancient Greek times would have meant more than just a city, rather it would be a territory, and a state; which is why a polis can be described as a city-state. Aetolians: The Aetolians are from the area of Aetolia which is a mountainous region north of Corinth in central Greece. It was the base of the Aetolian League which was created to rival Macedonia and the Achaean League. By the 340’s it was the leading power in Greece in which Green explains: ‘The Aetolians now controlled most of central Greece’ (Green, 2007). Polybios is heavily anti-Aetolian in his writing, perhaps because Polybios himself was from Megalopolis which was part of the Achaean League, or that he based most of his work for this time (220’s) on Aratus of Sicyon’s memoirs. His father was also a leading... ...Works Cited Green, P. 2007. The Hellenistic Age. New York. Hansen, M. H. 2006. Polis: An Introduction to the Greek City-State. Oxford. Hansen, M. H. 1998. Polis and City-state: An Ancient Concept and its Modern Equivalent. Copenhagen: Kongelige Danske Videnskabernes Selskab/Munksgaard. Larsen, J. A. O. 1968. Greek Federal States: Their Institutions and History. Oxford: Clarendon Press. Paton, W. R. ed. 1922-7. Polybius, Histories. (Loeb Classical Library, 128, 137-8, and 159-61.) Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press. Shipley, G. 2000. The Greek World after Alexander: 323-30 BC. London-New York: Routledge. Fine, J. V. A. ‘The Background of the Social War of 220-217B.C’. The American Jounal of Philology, Vol 61, No 2. (1940) pp. 129-165. Samuel, A. E. The Ptolemies and the Ideology of Kingship, in Hellenistic History and Culture, Ed. Green, P. 1993.

Graduation Speech: Show the World Your True Self :: Graduation Speech, Commencement Address

There was a time when I dreaded going to high school. During the weeks before I started my freshman year, all I could picture were mazes of hallways and classrooms, unfamiliar faces of students and teachers, and upperclassmen who loved to torture frightened freshmen. Fortunately, my visions were exaggerated. I soon got into the swing of things in high school. I figured out which teachers really did give you detention if you were late to class, which classmates were safe and those I didn't want as my lab partners. I began to find my place in the school, as well as everyone else's place there. By October, I knew who was who and what was what. In November, everything changed. I was diagnosed with Hodgkin's lymphoma, a cancer of the lymph nodes. I went through chemotherapy, lost all my hair and missed 40 days of school. Most people didn't know I was sick. My teachers helped me keep up in class, my friends were as supportive as they could be and I wore a wig to hide my bald head. It was at this point that I dreaded going to school again. I didn't feel like I fit in anymore. I had lost my place, and didn't know how to find it again. Ironically, the one thing about myself that I was most ashamed of helped me to fall back into place. Towards the end of my treatment, in a small burst of bravery, I decided to stop wearing my wig. I declared I didn't care what people thought, that I didn't want to hide anymore. But inside I was very scared. How would people react to a bald girl? But despite my doubts, one Monday in April I came to school with only a baseball hat covering my baldness. I had never had so many people stare at me before. They tried to hide it. I could tell they didn't want to be rude -- they just couldn't help themselves. I didn't say anything, mostly I just looked at the floor. That's what I did until the end of the day when one girl blurted out what I'm sure everyone else was thinking, but was afraid to say, "So why did you shave your head?" You can imagine my reaction to that one. But, oddly enough, after that one question, things were easier. Over the next three years, I became a typical high school kid again.

King Henry The IV :: Biography Biographies Bio

From king Henry's reign from 1399 to 1413 he had to deal with a lot tragedies. During his reign he foiled many assassination attempts, rebellions, and plots to restore King Richard to the throne. He was must successful at foiling these potential tragedies because of his well trained and loyal military (wikipedia). King Henry was born April 3, 1367(wikipedia), at Bolingbroke castle as a result of he is later nicknamed "henry of bolingbroke"(wekipedia). He was born to John of Gaunt the duke of Lancast , and Blanche of Lancaster(Britannia). As a child Henry would play with his cousin Richard the Future king of England who Henry would eventually over throw(Wekipedia). They were both admitted to the Order of the Garter in 1377. Later on in Henry's life he would participate in the Lords Appellant's Rebellion. After Richard regained his power he sentenced most of the rebels to be executed or exiled, but he spared the life of his cousin henry which would later come back to haunt him. In 1389 Henry and Richard had a second conflict when Richard exiled Henry with his fathers approval. Henry was banished to prevent a bloody confrontation with Thomas de Mowbray the 1st Duke of Norfolk who was exiled for life. The next year Henry's father John of Gaunt died, and king Richard decided to drop the legal documents so that Henry would be able to return. Henry inherited all of Guant's land(wikipedia), because he was the oldest son. While king Richard was in Ireland on a military campaign, Henry was on his own military campaign to kick Richard off the throne.

Finance And Families Essay

The population heterogeneity theory forecasts that, stress resistance is closely attached to mortality. Accordingly, persons in a population who pass away prematurely in life will likely be individuals who are less resistant to environmental stresses. Those persons with a high longetivity are those individuals who are very resistant, and these persons as a grouping might have an extremely gradually increasing rate of mortality, yielding an estimated mortality level while the less- resistant clusters pass away. (Viano, E, 1992) Two different perspectives on the causes of marital violence: (Viano, E, 1992, p.158) i.Feminist perspective: This perspective argues that, violence in the family is created by a patriarchal society in which the power of the male dominates. Historically, marital violence is viewed as been condoned by values as well as norms in the society. Consequently, one of the concrete subjects that the battered woman’s faction is confronted with is defying the tendency of the psychological health profession to renounce a feminist analysis.   ii.Sociological perspective: This perspective argues that, physical violence is not a manifestation of individual pathology. However; it is an essential feature of human association. Physical violence is viewed as almost normal and widespread, in other words, statistically common and ethnically accepted, feature of family life. Therefore, environmental interferences and social system are thought suitable. What is â€Å"double jeopardy† risk regarding women being victims of marital violence? â€Å"Double jeopardy† refers to individuals who are more at danger than the general populace since they are fatalities of other types of oppression: The following groups of females are at risk: (Viano, E, 1992) Ø   Disabled women and girls:  ·Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Disabled girls are four times more probable (than the nationwide standard) to be sexually maltreated.  ·Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Approximately 53% of women who have been disabled since birth have been maltreated, raped or physically attacked.  ·Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Approximately 83% of disabled women will be sexually or physically attacked. Ø   Aboriginals /First states:  ·Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   An approximated 57% of indigenous females have been sexually maltreated.  ·Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The rate of sexual abuse in children in a number of aboriginal societies is as elevated as 75 to 80 % for young women below the age of 8 years. Ø   Fresh Canadians:  ·Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Dread of the police as well as fear of being exiled frequently keep expatriates and migrant females from reporting family mistreatment. (a)What is child abuse? Child abuse is the emotional/mental or physical ill-treatment of children. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) describes child mistreatment as every act or sequence of taking action or omission or commission by a care giver, parent or other close relative that results in injury, potential injury, or treat of injury to a child. The majority of child abuse takes place in a child’s residence, with a lesser amount taking place in the schools, associations or groups of people the child intermingles with. There are four main types of child abuse: sexual abuse, emotional/mental abuse as well as physical abuse. (Franchi, C, 1987, p. 1) (b)The prevalence of child abuse in the United States: According to the 1997 American National Committee to prevent child abuse, neglect represented approximately 54% of established incidences of child abuse, corporal abuse 22%, sexual exploitation 8%, and additional forms of mistreatment 12%. A report on the well-being of the child by UNICEF affirmed that, the United States ranked lowest amongst developed countries with reverence to the welfare of children. This investigation also established that child abuse and child neglect are far more widespread in families with a single parent than in family units with both parents. (Franchi, C, 1987, p. 1) A study recently carried out by the Center for Disease Control and Prevention established that, approximately 1 in 50 babies in the United States are fatalities of nonfatal maltreatment or neglect. In the U.S, neglect is described as the failure to meet up the fundamental wants of the children comprising food, clothes, shelter as well as access to health care. Researchers established more than 91 000 incidences of neglect within a span of one year (beginning October 2005-September, 2006) with their information emanating from a list of cases authenticated by protective services organizations. (Franchi, C, 1987, p. 1) 5. The concepts and principles f Social Learning Theory:   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The social learning theory is the theory that people are taught novel behavior through punishment or explicit reinforcement, or through observational studying of their environment’s social actors. If individuals observe optimistic, desired results in the observed conduct, they are more probable to emulate, adopt or model the conduct themselves. (Akers, R, 2009) Social learning theory is obtained from Gabriel Tarde (1843-1904)’s work which suggested that social learning takes place through four major stages of limitation: (Akers, R, 2009) à ¼Ã‚   Comprehending of concepts à ¼Ã‚   Imitation of seniors. à ¼Ã‚   Close contact. à ¼Ã‚   Role model conduct. REFERENCE LIST Akers, R. (2009) Social Learning and Social Structure: A General Theory of Crime and Deviance. Transaction Publishers.ISBN:1412809991, 9781412809993. Franchi, C. (1987) Child abuse and its consequences: observational approaches. CUP Archive. ISBN: 0521316146, 9780521316149. Viano, E. (1992) Intimate violence: interdisciplinary perspectives. Taylor & Francis. ISBN: 560322446, 9781560322443.